Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of ethanol on the bioavailability of riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide.

Pinto, John T.; Huang, Yueqin; Rivlin, Richard S.

doi:10.1172/jci112960

Cited by 38 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…2,9) The existence of two major enzymes, namely FAD pyrophosphatase and FMN phosphatase, which catalyze the conversion of FAD to FMN and the conversion of FMN to RF, respectively, is shown in mammals. [9][10][11] Figure 1c depicts the effect of EDTA on the hydrolysis of FAD and FMN in rat and human plasma at 4°C. Hydrolysis activity of FAD was strongly inhibited by EDTA, which is known as an anticoagulant, in plasma.…”

Section: Hydrolysis Of Fad In Rat and Human Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of FAD to FMN and Riboflavin in Plasma: Effects of Measuring Method

Akimoto

Sato

Okubo

et al. 2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The stability of flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) in plasma was studied under a low-intensity light and FAD was found to be converted to flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and riboflavin (RF) in both human and rat plasma. The hydrolysis rates of FAD in plasma at 4°C were lower than those at 37°C. In addition, the hydrolysis rates were markedly inhibited when EDTA, known as an anticoagulant, was added to plasma. These results indicated that plasma samples in pharmacokinetic studies should be pretreated with EDTA, extracted at the earliest convenience and lower temperature like 4°C to keep a high stability. The pharmacokinetic study after intravenous administration of FAD at a dose of 500 nmol/kg as FAD in rats was performed with plasma samples after addition of EDTA under strict light and temperature control. A measurable amount of FAD in plasma together with rapid conversions of FAD to FMN and RF were observed in rat plasma. The AUC values (mean؎S.D. of 4 rats) for FAD, FMN and RF were 707؎378, 3643؎958 and 30095؎3544 nmol · min/l, respectively. Using excess EDTA under strict temperature and light control may be useful for assessment of vitamin B 2 in the in vivo study.

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Section: Hydrolysis Of Fad In Rat and Human Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of FAD to FMN and Riboflavin in Plasma: Effects of Measuring Method

Akimoto

Sato

Okubo

et al. 2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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“…This is confirmed by considering the effect which strongly acidic soft drinks have on the body's function. The consumption of alcoholic beverages lead to progressive devitamination [94][95][96][97] i.e. it reduces the levels of vitamin cofactors which are essential for many enzymatic reactions.…”

Section: Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

pH is a Neurally Regulated Physiological System. Increased Acidity Alters Protein Conformation and Cell Morphology and is a Significant Factor in the Onset of Diabetes and Other Common Pathologies

Ewing¹

2012

Open Sys Biol J

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Abstract:Background: The body's physiological stability is maintained by the influence of the autonomic nervous system and the dynamic interaction of the organ systems which regulate all aspects of the body's function. These physiological systems and their function have been overlooked by the genetic paradigm. A better understanding of these systems may lead to an improved understanding of the fundamental relationship involving sense perception, neural function and organ networks, and cellular and molecular biology. This article follows earlier articles by the author which illustrate that sleep, blood pressure and blood glucose are neurally regulated physiological systems. Aims:The purpose of this article is to discuss how Grakov's mathematical model of the physiological systems (i) influences the contemporary understanding of the processes which regulate the pH in biological systems i.e. that pH is a neurally regulated physiological system; (ii) is a significant factor in the emergence of changes to cell morphology and, ultimately, the onset of pathologies; and (iii) involves environmental factors more commonly associated with phenotype.Results: It considers the fundamental role played by pH e.g. regulating the levels and redox state of minerals, protein conformation, the activation of proteins and enzymes, and how this influences metabolic function. It considers the consequences of increased acidity, in particular from alcoholic beverages and acidified soft drinks, and how this influences the processes which regulate the body's physiological stability. Conclusions:The article concludes that the body's impaired ability to regulate its acidity, exascerbated by the consumption of highly acidic beverages, is a considerably underestimated factor in the subsequent development and onset of many common pathologies e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, alzheimer's disease, cancers, etc. Keywords:Cognitive, neuroregulation, top-down, systems biology, physiological systems. BACKGROUNDThe laws of chemistry characterise every chemical reaction. The prevailing reaction conditions influence the rate at which each reaction proceeds. In this article we consider whether the significance of pH has been significantly overlooked in biomedical research.Changes to the pH of a biochemical system or reaction often influences the structure of chemical components, their level, and subsequently the rate at which these components react. This determines the redox state of minerals; their ability to complex with DNA; their ability to activate enzymatic reactions; and their ability to be filtered and/or eliminated from the body. Altered pH influences protein conformation and the ability of proteins to react. It influences the characteristics of epigenetic reactions such as methylation, histone de-acetylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, etc.The body's homeostasis is maintained by neuroregulation of the various organ networks. These multiple physiological systems, their nature and structure, and the factors which *Address correspondence t...

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“…Ribofl avin defi ciency is common in the alcoholic patient and is due to low intakes and decreased bioavailability resulting from an alcohol -induced impairment of intraluminal hydrolysis of fl avine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in food sources (Pinto et al , 1987 ) (also, see Chapter 18 ). In addition, alcohol inhibits the transformation and activation of the vitamin not only at the level of absorption but also at the level of the peripheral tissues (Ono et al , 1987 ).…”

Section: Ribofl Avinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of the active vitamin (PLP) in the liver is reduced or even completely blocked by the ingestion of alcohol (Walsh et al , 1966 ;Mitchell et al , 1976 ). Acetaldehyde increases the degradation of the vitamin by displacing the vitamin from binding sites and this, in turn, leads to increased catabolism of the free vitamin and consecutively increased urinary loss (Pinto et al , 1987 ). Because the vitamin has to be activated in a multi -step activation process at the level of the liver, supplementation of this vitamin does not necessarily lead to improved vitamin B 6 nutriture in alcoholics if they continue to ingest alcohol.…”

Section: Vitamin Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol: Its Role in Nutrition and Health

Suter

2012

Present Knowledge in Nutrition

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In view of the importance of alcoholic beverages in daily life as well as its absolute priority in metabolism, alcohol has considerable potential to affect the nutritional status and metabolism of all essential nutrients including the different energy sources. In view of the great variability among alcohol drinkers in patterns of drinking, amounts ingested, ingestion of other nutrients, metabolic characteristics, genetic factors, and lifestyle characteristics (such as exercise or smoking behavior), the effects of alcohol on nutritional status and disease risk are very heterogeneous. Alcohol -associated malnutrition includes both primary and secondary malnutrition. Because of the comparatively high energy content of alcohol, it displaces other energy sources and thus many essential nutrients in the diet, thereby lowering the intake of most nutrients (primary malnutrition). Gastrointestinal and metabolic complications of heavy alcohol intake (especially liver dysfunction) lead to so -called secondary malnutrition. Anorexia and vomiting from alcoholic gastritis further promote inadequate intakes of food. Malabsorption of nearly all nutrients can develop as a result of mucosal dysfunction, liver insuffi ciency, and pancreatic insuffi ciency. Alcoholic liver dysfunction causes a reduced capacity to transport nutrients in the blood, a reduced storage capacity, and an insuffi cient activation of nutrients such as vitamins. In addition, alcohol increases the excretion of nutrients in the urine and bile. In alcoholic patients, several mechanisms for the development of malnutrition usually occur simultaneously.The effect of alcohol on morbidity and mortality is biphasic, and the relationship is J -shaped: low levels of ingestion are associated with reduced morbidity and mortality risks, whereas abstinence and higher levels of ingestion are associated with a higher mortality risk due to different cancers, alcoholic liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases such as arrhythmias, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and stroke. The reduced mortality risk at lower intakes is explained by the risk of coronary artery disease and a reduced risk of ischemic stroke. The amount of alcohol ingestion at the nadir of mortality risk is not known and varies from study to study and from one individual to another. The hallmark of excessive alcohol intake is metabolic and structural alterations at the level of the liver, and liver cirrhosis is the leading cause of death in heavy drinkers.Often, both positive and negative effects occur. In view of the heterogeneity of responses for any given alcohol dose, the formulation of public health recommendations for safe consumption levels is becoming increasingly diffi cult. In any case, alcohol should not be recommended for health reasons or for health maintenance, especially as long as there are no specifi c, sensitive predictors for harmful alcohol use and abuse. In the setting of an overall healthy lifestyle with respect to nutrition and physical activity, light to moderate alcohol consumptio...

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Mechanisms underlying the differential effects of ethanol on the bioavailability of riboflavin and flavin adenine dinucleotide.

Cited by 38 publications

References 40 publications

Conversion of FAD to FMN and Riboflavin in Plasma: Effects of Measuring Method

Conversion of FAD to FMN and Riboflavin in Plasma: Effects of Measuring Method

pH is a Neurally Regulated Physiological System. Increased Acidity Alters Protein Conformation and Cell Morphology and is a Significant Factor in the Onset of Diabetes and Other Common Pathologies

Alcohol: Its Role in Nutrition and Health

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