Mechanisms underlying resilience in ageing

Stern, Yaakov; Chételat, Gaël; Habeck, Christian; Arenaza‐Urquijo, Eider M.; Vemuri, Prashanthi; Estanga, Ainara; Bartrés‐Faz, David; Cantillon, Marc; Clouston, Sean; Elman, Jeremy A.; Gold, Brian T.; Jones, Richard N.; Kempermann, Gerd; Lim, Yen Ying; Loenhoud, Anita van; Martínez-Lage, Pablo; Morbelli, Silvia; Okonkwo, Ozioma C.; Ossenkoppele, Rik; Pettigrew, Corinne; Rosen, Allyson; Scarmeas, Nikolaos; Soldan, Anja; Udeh-Momoh, Chinedu; Valenzuela, Michael; Vuoksimaa, Eero

doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0138-0

Cited by 36 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Cognitive-reserve theory is perhaps the most influential of those theories and inspired many of the empirical studies reviewed in this article. Although there is currently no universally accepted definition of cognitive reserve ( Cabeza et al, 2019 ; Stern et al, 2019 ), the concept centers around differences in how individuals’ processing of cognitive tasks shapes their susceptibility to the adverse effects of brain changes on cognitive function ( Barulli & Stern, 2013 ; Stern, 2002 , 2009 , 2012 ). Under most definitions, the concept of cognitive reserve refers to flexible aspects of individuals’ cognitive processes that modulate how much cognitive function is influenced by brain aging, neurological disease, or injury ( Stern et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Implications For Theories Of Cognitive Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span

Lövdén

Fratiglioni

Glymour

et al. 2020

Psychol Sci Public Interest

610

308

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Cognitive abilities are important predictors of educational and occupational performance, socioeconomic attainment, health, and longevity. Declines in cognitive abilities are linked to impairments in older adults’ everyday functions, but people differ from one another in their rates of cognitive decline over the course of adulthood and old age. Hence, identifying factors that protect against compromised late-life cognition is of great societal interest. The number of years of formal education completed by individuals is positively correlated with their cognitive function throughout adulthood and predicts lower risk of dementia late in life. These observations have led to the propositions that prolonging education might (a) affect cognitive ability and (b) attenuate aging-associated declines in cognition. We evaluate these propositions by reviewing the literature on educational attainment and cognitive aging, including recent analyses of data harmonized across multiple longitudinal cohort studies and related meta-analyses. In line with the first proposition, the evidence indicates that educational attainment has positive effects on cognitive function. We also find evidence that cognitive abilities are associated with selection into longer durations of education and that there are common factors (e.g., parental socioeconomic resources) that affect both educational attainment and cognitive development. There is likely reciprocal interplay among these factors, and among cognitive abilities, during development. Education–cognitive ability associations are apparent across the entire adult life span and across the full range of education levels, including (to some degree) tertiary education. However, contrary to the second proposition, we find that associations between education and aging-associated cognitive declines are negligible and that a threshold model of dementia can account for the association between educational attainment and late-life dementia risk. We conclude that educational attainment exerts its influences on late-life cognitive function primarily by contributing to individual differences in cognitive skills that emerge in early adulthood but persist into older age. We also note that the widespread absence of educational influences on rates of cognitive decline puts constraints on theoretical notions of cognitive aging, such as the concepts of cognitive reserve and brain maintenance. Improving the conditions that shape development during the first decades of life carries great potential for improving cognitive ability in early adulthood and for reducing public-health burdens related to cognitive aging and dementia.

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Section: Implications For Theories Of Cognitive Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span

Lövdén

Fratiglioni

Glymour

et al. 2020

Psychol Sci Public Interest

610

308

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Modifiable risk factors can be divided into protective factors versus those that increase the risk of dementia (40). Protective factors include markers of increased cognitive reserve (resilience against age- and disease-related change) including higher education/IQ, occupation, social networks, and cognitive and physical activity (41). Mediterranean diet has been suggested to reduce the risk of cognitive decline, but there is a lack of data specifically on VaD (8).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Iadecola

Duering

Hachinski

et al. 2019

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

487

386

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Cognitive impairment associated with aging has emerged as one of the major public health challenges of our time. Although Alzheimer’s disease is the leading cause of clinically diagnosed dementia in Western countries, cognitive impairment of vascular etiology is the second most common cause and may be the predominant one in East Asia. Furthermore, alterations of the large and small cerebral vasculature, including those affecting the microcirculation of the subcortical white matter, are key contributors to the clinical expression of cognitive dysfunction caused by other pathologies, including Alzheimer’s disease. This scientific expert panel provides a critical appraisal of the epidemiology, pathobiology, neuropathology, and neuroimaging of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia, and of current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Unresolved issues are also examined to shed light on new basic and clinical research avenues that may lead to mitigating one of the most devastating human conditions.

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“…The concept of cognitive reserve was formulated to account for the fascinating phenomenon in which education and stimulating occupations somehow allow the aging brain to cope better even as Alzheimer's pathology accumulates (Stern et al, 1994). Over the years since it was proposed, the concept of cognitive reserve has generated a lot of interest as well as debate (Anthony & Lin, 2017;Cabeza et al, 2018;Jones et al, 2011;Medaglia, Pasqualetti, Hamilton, Thompson-Schill, & Bassett, 2017;Satz, Cole, Hardy, & Rassovsky, 2011;Stern et al, 2018;Stern et al, 2019).…”

Section: Psychological Sciencementioning

confidence: 99%

How Do Cognitively Stimulating Activities Affect Cognition and the Brain Throughout Life?

Mather

2020

Psychol Sci Public Interest

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Mechanisms underlying resilience in ageing

Cited by 36 publications

References 3 publications

Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span

Education and Cognitive Functioning Across the Life Span

Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

How Do Cognitively Stimulating Activities Affect Cognition and the Brain Throughout Life?

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