Mechanisms Underlying Early Odor Preference Learning in Rats

Yuan, Qi; Shakhawat, Amin M D; Harley, Carolyn W.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63350-7.00005-x

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 219 publications

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“…8B). These differences may arise from species differences, age, or other experimental variables; notably, expression profiles in the GCs of younger rats (ϽP14) differ from those in older (ϾP14) rats such that the net suppressive effects of NE dominate the excitatory effects in the younger animals (Gire and Schoppa 2008;Pandipati and Schoppa 2012;Pandipati et al 2010), and it is well established that NE modulation in the OB underlies radically different functionality in neonatal rats compared with adults (Landers and Sullivan 2012;Yuan et al 2014). In each of these cases, the important factor is that the state-dependent expression patterns of local conductances, whether intrinsic or conditional, can dramatically alter the physiological impact of a given neuromodulatory input.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional differentiation of cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation in a biophysical model of olfactory bulb granule cells

Linster

Cleland

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Li G, Linster C, Cleland TA. Functional differentiation of cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation in a biophysical model of olfactory bulb granule cells. J Neurophysiol 114: 3177-3200, 2015. First published September 2, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.00324.2015.-Olfactory bulb granule cells are modulated by both acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE), but the effects of these neuromodulators have not been clearly distinguished. We used detailed biophysical simulations of granule cells, both alone and embedded in a microcircuit with mitral cells, to measure and distinguish the effects of ACh and NE on cellular and microcircuit function. Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulatory effects on granule cells were based on data obtained from slice experiments; specifically, ACh reduced the conductance densities of the potassium M current and the calciumdependent potassium current, whereas NE nonmonotonically regulated the conductance density of an ohmic potassium current. We report that the effects of ACh and NE on granule cell physiology are distinct and functionally complementary to one another. ACh strongly regulates granule cell firing rates and afterpotentials, whereas NE bidirectionally regulates subthreshold membrane potentials. When combined, NE can regulate the ACh-induced expression of afterdepolarizing potentials and persistent firing. In a microcircuit simulation developed to investigate the effects of granule cell neuromodulation on mitral cell firing properties, ACh increased spike synchronization among mitral cells, whereas NE modulated the signal-to-noise ratio. Coapplication of ACh and NE both functionally improved the signalto-noise ratio and enhanced spike synchronization among mitral cells. In summary, our computational results support distinct and complementary roles for ACh and NE in modulating olfactory bulb circuitry and suggest that NE may play a role in the regulation of cholinergic function.acetylcholine; norepinephrine; olfactory bulb; computational model; neuromodulation NEUROMODULATORS such as norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (ACh), and serotonin serve important functions in sensory perception. These neuromodulatory systems have variously been ascribed specific and often overlapping functions in sensory systems, including improving neuronal signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), governing attentional processes and general systemic arousal, and regulating learning and memory mechanisms (Aston-Jones and Cohen 2005;Cools et al. 2008;

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional differentiation of cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation in a biophysical model of olfactory bulb granule cells

Linster

Cleland

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…The LC appears to take on adult-like features at 10 days old, just as the sensitive period for attachment ends (Nakamura et al, 1987; Winzer-Serhan et al, 1996). This olfactory bulb NE has been shown to be critical in memory formation during a sensitive period in rat pups {Pandipati & Schoppa, 2012; Yuan et al, 2014; Sullivan et al, 2000b); Todrank et al, 2011; Sullivan et al, 1992). Although we are unsure if the mechanism supporting this learning in human infants is the same as in rodents, there is some suggestion that NE’s role in attachment is a phylogenetically conserved system.…”

Section: Neurobiology Of Attachment Learning: Odor Learning and Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

The neurobiology of safety and threat learning in infancy

Dębiec

Sullivan

2017

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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What an animal needs to learn to survive is altered dramatically as they change from dependence on the parent for protection to independence and reliance on self-defense. This transition occurs in most altricial animals, but our understanding of the behavioral neurobiology has mostly relied on the infant rat. The transformation from dependence to independence occurs over three weeks in pups and is accompanied by complex changes in responses to both natural and learned threats and the supporting neural circuitry. Overall, in early life, the threat system is quiescent and learning is biased towards acquiring attachment related behaviors to support attachment to the caregiver and proximity seeking. Caregiver-associated cues learned in infancy have the ability to provide a sense of safety throughout lifetime. This attachment/safety system is activated by learning involving presumably pleasurable stimuli (food, warmth) but also painful stimuli (tailpinch, moderate shock). At about the midway point to independence, pups begin to have access to the adult-like amygdala-dependent threat system and amygdala-dependent responses to natural dangers such as predator odors. However, pups have the ability to switch between the infant and adult-like system, which is controlled by maternal presence and modification of stress hormones. Specifically, if the pup is alone, it will learn fear but if with the mother it will learn attachment (10–15 days of age). As pups begin to approach weaning, pups lose access to the attachment system and rely only on the amygdala-dependent threat system. However, pups learning system is complex and exhibits flexibility that enables the mother to override the control of the attachment circuit, since newborn pups may acquire threat responses from the mother expressing fear in their presence. Together, these data suggest that the development of pups’ threat learning system is not only dependent upon maturation of the amygdala, but it is also exquisitely controlled by the environment. Most notably the mother can switch pup learning between attachment to threat learning in a moment’s notice. This enables the mother to navigate pup’s learning about the world and what is threatening and what is safe.

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“…OB mitral cells demonstrate sparse coding and temporally dynamic firing in awake rodents (Rinberg et al, 2006;Wachowiak et al, 2013). Even at this early stage, OB processing is shaped by experience and context.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PC pyramidal cells exhibit sparse and diffuse coding to odor input (Stettler and Axel, 2009;Poo and Isaacson, 2011;Shakhawat et al, 2014a). In addition, PC pyramidal cells project back to OB and shape mitral cell responses to odors (Boyd et al, 2015;Otazu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arc-Expressing Neuronal Ensembles Supporting Pattern Separation Require Adrenergic Activity in Anterior Piriform Cortex: An Exploration of Neural Constraints on Learning

et al. 2015

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Arc ensembles in adult rat olfactory bulb (OB) and anterior piriform cortex (PC) were assessed after discrimination training on highly similar odor pairs. Nonselective ␣-and ␤-adrenergic antagonists or saline were infused in the OB or anterior PC during training. OB adrenergic blockade slowed, but did not prevent, odor discrimination learning. After criterion performance, Arc ensembles in anterior piriform showed enhanced stability for the rewarded odor and pattern separation for the discriminated odors as described previously. Anterior piriform adrenergic blockade prevented acquisition of similar odor discrimination and of OB ensemble changes, even with extended overtraining. Mitral and granule cell Arc ensembles in OB showed enhanced stability for rewarded odor only in the saline group. Pattern separation was not seen in the OB. Similar odor discrimination co-occurs with increased stability in rewarded odor representations and pattern separation to reduce encoding overlap. The difficulty of similar discriminations may relate to the necessity to both strengthen rewarded representations and weaken overlap across similar representations.

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Mechanisms Underlying Early Odor Preference Learning in Rats

Cited by 22 publications

References 219 publications

Functional differentiation of cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation in a biophysical model of olfactory bulb granule cells

Functional differentiation of cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation in a biophysical model of olfactory bulb granule cells

The neurobiology of safety and threat learning in infancy

Arc-Expressing Neuronal Ensembles Supporting Pattern Separation Require Adrenergic Activity in Anterior Piriform Cortex: An Exploration of Neural Constraints on Learning

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