Mechanisms of x-ray emission from peeling adhesive tape

Constable, E.; Horvat, J.; Lewis, R. A.

doi:10.1063/1.3493653

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, the transient electron-charge density of 10 12 electrons/cm 2 was more than ten-fold greater than typical tribo-charging systems. A 2010 experiment measured the angular distribution of X-rays during tape peeling [103] that is inconsistent with the CED prediction for transverse Bremsstrahlung (Figure 6). Specifically, ordinary Bremsstrahlung bounds the angular distribution from below, while polarizational Bremsstrahlung bounds the angular distribution from above.…”

Section: εµmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The purpose of this section is to show experimental evidence that is consistent with EED predictions. These tests (in no particular order) include geophysical SLWs for earthquake prediction [99]; observation of solar-generated SLWs [100]; laboratory tests by Graneau and Hering [101]; X-ray emission during tape peeling [102,103]; irrotational currents in living processes and their implication for biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics [104][105][106][107]; and radioactive decay rate variation that is well-correlated with solar time scales [108][109][110][111][112][113]. These observations cannot be explained by CED.…”

Section: Evidence For the Slw: Both Inanimate And Biologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EED includes these irrotational (longitudinal) components, providing fresh understanding of scalar-longitudinal waves, energy, and momentum. The examples above have the common feature of irrotational currents: (a) seismic precursor signals due to fracturing in the Earth's crust [99], (b) peeling of adhesive tape [102,103], and (c) SLW irradiation by the TESLAR chip [106,107]. These examples generalize to any phenomena involving the breaking/alteration of chemical bonds in inanimate or biological systems and/or irrotational currents (e.g., radial oscillations of solar plasma).…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These examples generalize to any phenomena involving the breaking/alteration of chemical bonds in inanimate or biological systems and/or irrotational currents (e.g., radial oscillations of solar plasma). The gradient-driven current and the SLW then elucidate currently unexplained electrodynamic phenomena, both laboratory-based [101][102][103][104][105][106][107] and astrophysical [66,100].…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implications of Gauge-Free Extended Electrodynamics

Reed

Hively

2020

Symmetry

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Recent tests measured an irrotational (curl-free) magnetic vector potential (A) that is contrary to classical electrodynamics (CED). A (irrotational) arises in extended electrodynamics (EED) that is derivable from the Stueckelberg Lagrangian. A (irrotational) implies an irrotational (gradient-driven) electrical current density, J. Consequently, EED is gauge-free and provably unique. EED predicts a scalar field that equals the quantity usually set to zero as the Lorenz gauge, making A and the scalar potential () independent and physically-measureable fields. EED predicts a scalar-longitudinal wave (SLW) that has an electric field along the direction of propagation together with the scalar field, carrying both energy and momentum. EED also predicts the scalar wave (SW) that carries energy without momentum. EED predicts that the SLW and SW are unconstrained by the skin effect, because neither wave has a magnetic field that generates dissipative eddy currents in electrical conductors. The novel concept of a “gradient-driven” current is a key feature of US Patent 9,306,527 that disclosed antennas for SLW generation and reception. Preliminary experiments have validated the SLW’s no-skin-effect constraint as a potential harbinger of new technologies, a possible explanation for poorly understood laboratory and astrophysical phenomena, and a forerunner of paradigm revolutions.

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Section: εµmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Evidence For the Slw: Both Inanimate And Biologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implications of Gauge-Free Extended Electrodynamics

Reed

Hively

2020

Symmetry

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“…20 During material separation, discharge processes in the ambient gas due to high fields at asperities, accompanied by triboluminescence and Bremsstrahlung, may further modify the charge distribution at the rubbed surfaces. [119][120][121] …”

Section: H Net Charging Mechanisms and Classification Of Triboelectrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Squeezing out hydrated protons: low-frictional-energy triboelectric insulator charging on a microscopic scale

Knorr¹

2011

AIP Advances

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Though triboelectric charging of insulators is common, neither its mechanism nor the nature of the charge is well known. Most research has focused on the integral amount of charge transferred between two materials upon contact, establishing, e.g., a triboelectric series. Here, the charge distribution of tracks on insulating polymer films rubbed by polymer-covered pointed swabs is investigated in high resolution by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Pronounced bipolar charging was observed for all nine rubbing combinations of three different polymers, with absolute surface potentials of up to several volts distributed in streaks along the rubbing direction and varying in polarity on μm-length scales perpendicular to the rubbing direction. Charge densities increased considerably for rubbing in higher relative humidity, for higher rubbing loads, and for more hydrophilic polymers. The ends of rubbed tracks had positively charged rims. Surface potential decay with time was strongly accelerated in increased humidity, particularly for polymers with high water permeability. Based on these observations, a mechanism is proposed of triboelectrification by extrusions of prevalently hydrated protons, stemming from adsorbed and dissociated water, along pressure gradients on the surface by the mechanical action of the swab. The validity of this mechanism is supported by explanations given recently in the literature for positive streaming currents of water at polymer surfaces and by reports of negative charging of insulators tapped by accelerated water droplets and of potential built up between the front and the back of a rubbing piece, observations already made in the 19th century. For more brittle polymers, strongly negatively charged microscopic abrasive particles were frequently observed on the rubbed tracks. The negative charge of those particles is presumably due in part to triboemission of electrons by polymer chain scission, forming radicals and negatively charged ions

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Retrieving and converting energy from polymers: deployable technologies and emerging concepts

Baytekin

Grzybowski

2013

Energy Environ. Sci.

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Every year, several tens of million tonnes of polymers end up as waste. Contrary to popular belief and optimistic media stories of ever-improving recycling efforts, only a small fractionindeed, a few percent of this polymeric litter is actually being recycled and reused. In the U.S., some 3 million tonnes of plastics are recycled annually, yet over 28 million tonnes age unproductivelyif the energy of this waste could be harnessed at a moderate 50% efficiency, the greater Chicago area would glow and spark almost all year round! Fortunately, significant progress is being made in technologies that aim at retrieving energy from waste polymers. On the large, often industrial, scales, polymers are being incinerated, pyrolized, and chemically degraded. Some of these technologies can produce viable fuels at costs as low as $0.75 per gallon, some five times smaller than what Mr Smith nowadays pays at the gas pump. There is also plenty of interesting, exploratory science done at smaller scales, where polymers are used in electrostatic or piezoelectric generators, or as materials converting mechanical to chemical energy. Several proof-of-concept devices have been shown to produce enough energy to power personal electronic devices or drive laboratory-scale chemical reactions. Together, the large-and smallscale technologies constitute a realistic strategy to retrieve a sizeable fraction of energy stored in polymers that would otherwise be only presenting a serious environmental concern. Broader contextOwing to their high caloric content, the millions of tons of polymers we produceand oen discardcould constitute a viable source of energy that can be retrieved by either breaking or rearranging the orientations of constituent chemical bonds. Despite optimistic media reports, we are still harnessing only a small fraction of this energy; in the U.S. alone, some 28 million tons of polymers are simply wasted each year, translating into the loss of almost a trillion MJ of energy that could be put to productive use. This article reviews a wide range of approaches by which energy "hidden" in polymers can be retrieved or transducedexamples range from traditional polymer incineration and chemolysis to the cutting-edge research on triboelectric, piezoelectric or thermoelectric generators with applications in personal electronics, MEMS, and small-scale synthesis. While none of these approaches offers a net-positive energy balance, their synergistic deployment on scales from industrial to personal could amount to societally appreciable energy savings.

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Mechanisms of x-ray emission from peeling adhesive tape

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Implications of Gauge-Free Extended Electrodynamics

Implications of Gauge-Free Extended Electrodynamics

Squeezing out hydrated protons: low-frictional-energy triboelectric insulator charging on a microscopic scale

Retrieving and converting energy from polymers: deployable technologies and emerging concepts

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