Mechanisms of stress: A dynamic overview of hormonal and behavioral homeostasis

Johnson, Elizabeth O.; Kamilaris, Themis C.; Chrousos, George P.; Gold, Philip W.

doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80175-7

Cited by 716 publications

(500 citation statements)

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“…The endogenous opioid system plays a role in the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Cushman and Kreek 1974;Johnson et al 1992;Kreek 1972Kreek , 1973Kreek , 1978. Opioid antagonist administration blocks the tonic opioid inhibition of HPA axis activity, thereby resulting in release of POMC-derived hormones in the pituitary and cortisol from the adrenal gland.…”

Section: We Examined Hpa Axis Response To 50 Mg Oral Naltrexone Compamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis Response and Biotransformation of Oral Naltrexone Preliminary Examination of Relationship to Family History of Alcoholism

King

Schluger

Gunduz

et al. 2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

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We examined HPA axis response to 50 mg oral naltrexone compared with placebo in 17 healthy male and female nonalcoholic subjects, approximately half of whom had a positive family history of alcoholism (FH ϩ ) and half of whom who did not (FH Ϫ)The endogenous opioid system plays a role in the modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Cushman and Kreek 1974;Johnson et al. 1992;Kreek 1972Kreek , 1973Kreek , 1978. Opioid antagonist administration blocks the tonic opioid inhibition of HPA axis activity, thereby resulting in release of POMC-derived hormones in the pituitary and cortisol from the adrenal gland. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated acute increases in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol levels in man after intravenous infusion of the opioid antagonists naloxone (Cohen et al. 1983;Conaglen et al. 1985;Delitala et al. 1994;Naber et al. 1981;Martin del Campo et al. 1994;Morley et al. 1980;Schluger et al. 1998;Volavka et al. 1979a) and nalmefene . However, few studies have examined acute neuroendocrine response to the opioid antagonist naltrexone, which, in contrast to naloxone and nalmefene, is not available for intravenous administration.The two published studies on the acute HPA axis effects of orally administered naltrexone have both been conducted with relatively small sample sizes (n р 10). NO . 6 Naltrexone, HPA Axis, and Biotransformation 779The first study (Volavka et al. 1979b), conducted in ten normal male subjects, showed that oral naltrexone significantly increased cortisol levels two hours after administration and directionally (but nonsignificantly) increased ACTH levels one hour after administration. However, due to the small sample studied, the power may not have been sufficient to detect differences. The results may also have been confounded by the co-occurrence of pain sensitivity testing (i.e., 2-min cold pressor task) during the protocol, which may have produced independent HPA axis responses. A more recent study in six abstinent alcoholic patients (Farren et al. 1999) showed significant increases in cortisol and ACTH to three doses of oral naltrexone (25, 50, and 100mg) with no dose-dependent effects (Farren et al. 1999). It has been hypothesized that alterations in HPA axis function may play a role in various stages of addiction, including initiation, maintenance, and relapse (Kreek 1992). Naltrexone (50 mg oral) has shown efficacy in the treatment of alcohol dependence (Volpicelli et al. 1992(Volpicelli et al. , 1997O'Malley et al. 1992;Anton et al. 1999), which led to its FDA-approval for adjunctive treatment of alcoholism. Studies examining HPA axis response after oral naltrexone administration might be of potential clinical relevance as neuroendocrine changes and sensitivity to naltrexone could relate to individual differences and treatment response. Hypothetically, the effects of an opioid antagonist, such as naltrexone, in modulating tonic inhibition of the opioid system at various receptors, including primarily , but also ␦ and , may relate to tr...

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Section: We Examined Hpa Axis Response To 50 Mg Oral Naltrexone Compamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis Response and Biotransformation of Oral Naltrexone Preliminary Examination of Relationship to Family History of Alcoholism

King

Schluger

Gunduz

et al. 2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

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“…An important challenge imposed by the conscious state is that stress can be generated by experimental procedures. The term “stress” is used to define a range of conditions that may threaten an organism or are perceived as such 1, 2, 3. The physiology of the stress response encompasses the entire body and therefore should be an important consideration in experimental protocols and data interpretation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tail‐Cuff Technique and Its Influence on Central Blood Pressure in the Mouse

Wilde

Aubdool

Thakore

et al. 2017

JAHA

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BackgroundReliable measurement of blood pressure in conscious mice is essential in cardiovascular research. Telemetry, the “gold‐standard” technique, is invasive and expensive and therefore tail‐cuff, a noninvasive alternative, is widely used. However, tail‐cuff requires handling and restraint during measurement, which may cause stress affecting blood pressure and undermining reliability of the results.Methods and ResultsC57Bl/6J mice were implanted with radio‐telemetry probes to investigate the effects of the steps of the tail‐cuff technique on central blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature. This included comparison of handling techniques, operator's sex, habituation, and influence of hypertension induced by angiotensin II. Direct comparison of measurements obtained by telemetry and tail‐cuff were made in the same mouse. The results revealed significant increases in central blood pressure, heart rate, and core body temperature from baseline following handling interventions without significant difference among the different handling technique, habituation, or sex of the investigator. Restraint induced the largest and sustained increase in cardiovascular parameters and temperature. The tail‐cuff readings significantly underestimated those from simultaneous telemetry recordings; however, “nonsimultaneous” telemetry, obtained in undisturbed mice, were similar to tail‐cuff readings obtained in undisturbed mice on the same day.ConclusionsThis study reveals that the tail‐cuff technique underestimates the core blood pressure changes that occur simultaneously during the restraint and measurement phases. However, the measurements between the 2 techniques are similar when tail‐cuff readings are compared with telemetry readings in the nondisturbed mice. The differences between the simultaneous recordings by the 2 techniques should be recognized by researchers.

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“…Because growth, reproduction, and disease resistance are affected by chronic or intermittent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis (Johnson et al, 1992) there have been efforts to modify the responsiveness of this system to stressors in animals of economic significance which are often reared under intensive, unavoidably stressful, conditions (Pottinger and Pickering, 1997). The degree to which the stress susceptibility of an individual might be inherited has been considered in man (Rosch, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of the Plasma Cortisol Response to Stress in Rainbow Trout by Selective Breeding

Pottinger

Carrick

1999

General and Comparative Endocrinology

346

200

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The NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. ABSTRACTMale and female rainbow trout were segregated into high-and low-responding individuals (HR, LR) on the basis of their plasma cortisol response to a 3 h period of confinement imposed at five, monthly, intervals. Consistent divergence was obtained in the responsiveness of the two groups, although the difference between LR and HR groups was greater in female fish (56 c.f. 116 ng ml -1 ) than in males (45 c.f. 69 ng ml -1 ). Progeny groups (full-sib families) were obtained from the pairing of HR males and females and LR males and females. A third progeny group (US) was obtained by random pairing of parents which were not selected as HR or LR. Post-stress plasma cortisol levels in the progeny were first tested at 6 months after hatch and were significantly correlated with the response of the corresponding parental groups, HR>US>LR (178, 126, 81 ng ml -1 respectively). The difference in responsiveness between LR and HR groups was demonstrated in all four subsequent tests over a 12 month period. There were no significant differences in baseline plasma cortisol levels in LR and HR groups prior to confinement. During a 4h period of confinement, the differences in plasma cortisol levels between LR and HR fish were sustained throughout, indicating that the trait upon which the fish were selected was related to absolute maximum levels of circulating cortisol, not the rate of change of cortisol levels during exposure to a stressor. A moderately high heritability (h 2 ) for confinement-induced plasma cortisol of 0.41 was obtained by a parent-progeny regression. Manipulation of stressresponsiveness in fish by selective breeding offers scope for optimising performance under intensive rearing conditions but also provides a useful research tool for investigating the operation of the endocrine stress response.3

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Mechanisms of stress: A dynamic overview of hormonal and behavioral homeostasis

Cited by 716 publications

References 161 publications

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis Response and Biotransformation of Oral Naltrexone Preliminary Examination of Relationship to Family History of Alcoholism

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis Response and Biotransformation of Oral Naltrexone Preliminary Examination of Relationship to Family History of Alcoholism

Tail‐Cuff Technique and Its Influence on Central Blood Pressure in the Mouse

Modification of the Plasma Cortisol Response to Stress in Rainbow Trout by Selective Breeding

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