Mechanisms of oligodendrocyte progenitor developmental migration

Abstract

Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), develop from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that must first migrate extensively throughout the developing brain and spinal cord. Specified at particular times from discrete regions in the developing CNS, OPCs are one of the most migratory of cell types and disperse rapidly. A variety of factors act on OPCs to trigger intracellular changes that regulate their migration. We will discuss factors that act as long‐range guidance cues, those that act to regulate cellular motility, and those that are critical in determining the final positioning of OPCs. In addition, recent evidence has identified the vasculature as the physical substrate used by OPCs for their migration. Several new findings relating to this oligodendroglial–vascular signaling axis reveal new insight on the relationship between OPCs and blood vessels in the developing and adult brain.

Glial Patchwork: Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells and Astrocytes Blanket the Central Nervous System

“…Therefore, we will focus on tiling behaviors of OPCs specified from ventral spinal cord motor neuron progenitor (pMN) domain precursors (Warf et al, 1991 ; Noll and Miller, 1993 ; Zhou et al, 2001 ; Park et al, 2007 ). In mammals, OPCs are also specified in the forebrain and utilize vasculature during initial migration, which is reviewed in Xia and Fancy ( 2021 ). Ventral precursors that give rise to OPCs are marked by their expression of the transcription factor Olig2 , and subsequently, expression of Sox10 beginning around 36 h post fertilization (hpf) in zebrafish, embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5) in mouse, and 10 weeks gestational age during human fetal development (Lu et al, 2000 ; Zhou et al, 2001 ; Ravanelli et al, 2018 ; van Tilborg et al, 2018 ).…”

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is essential for oligodendrocyte precursor development and myelination in the mouse brain

“…25 Under physiological conditions, they are the main source of myelinating OLs, and are regulated by a variety of signalling molecules that differentiate into OLs for the myelination of axons. 3,4,5, 26 ADAM10 has never been previously described to be expressed in OPCs in CNS, and it is still unclear, which extent OPCs express ADAM10 and how this expression may change during OPCs development and myelination in vivo. In this study, we rst detected the expression pattern of ADAM10 in the white matter of the mouse brain using in situ hybridisation (ISH) and immunohistochemical staining.…”

“…2,3 OPCs, also known as NG2 cells, are CNS-resident stem cells that are generated in restricted areas such as the subventricular zone (SVZ), and subsequently proliferate and migrate throughout the CNS during embryonic development. 4 Some OPCs differentiate into OLs, while the others remain in a slowly proliferative or quiescent state, which accounts for 5%-10% of nerve cells in the adult CNS. Upon opportune physiological or pathologicalstimuli, this part of OPCs can respond to increased proliferation and subsequent differentiation into myelinating OLs, which are the primary cell source of remyelination in the CNS.…”

Application and prospects of somatic cell reprogramming technology for spinal cord injury treatment

“…Protein-based reprogramming of astrocytes to oligodendrocytes SCI can lead to neuronal necrosis and axonal demyelination (Zhou P. et al, 2019), hindering myelin regeneration and the replacement of lost neurons and motor neurons. Oligodendrocytes, the main cells forming myelin sheaths around axons (Xia and Fancy, 2021), also undergo degeneration after SCI, further leading to axonal demyelination (Pukos et al, 2019). Therefore, replenishing new oligodendrocytes is an effective strategy to promote remyelination after SCI (Plemel et al, 2014;Huntemer-Silveira et al, 2020).…”