“…These features include a variety of metabolic pathways, allowing them to utilize different sources of carbon and energy through processes such as aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, photosynthesis, chemolithotrophy, and methanogenesis [ 25 , 26 ]. Microorganisms also have specific mechanisms for nutrient uptake and assimilation, crucial for processing carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and various trace elements and vitamins [ 27 ]. Their growth is influenced by optimal conditions related to temperature, pH, and salinity, with adaptations that allow some to thrive in extreme conditions, resisting desiccation, high salinity, and extreme temperatures [ 28 ].…”