Mechanisms of Mutation

Strauss, Bernard S.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800892-8.00001-4

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 71 publications

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“…Population level concepts, such as mode of reproduction, types of fertilization, pregnant sex, type of breeder, mate choice, mating systems, and interindividual genetic conflicts are not covered here. Mechanisms that produce variations are also excluded apart from some notes, for recent reviews see [ 6 , 7 ]. The goal of the presentation is to synthesize knowledge and insight in individual genetic heterogeneity and to organize and systematize the central concepts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Genetic Heterogeneity

Vihinen

2022

Genes

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Genetic variation has been widely covered in literature, however, not from the perspective of an individual in any species. Here, a synthesis of genetic concepts and variations relevant for individual genetic constitution is provided. All the different levels of genetic information and variation are covered, ranging from whether an organism is unmixed or hybrid, has variations in genome, chromosomes, and more locally in DNA regions, to epigenetic variants or alterations in selfish genetic elements. Genetic constitution and heterogeneity of microbiota are highly relevant for health and wellbeing of an individual. Mutation rates vary widely for variation types, e.g., due to the sequence context. Genetic information guides numerous aspects in organisms. Types of inheritance, whether Mendelian or non-Mendelian, zygosity, sexual reproduction, and sex determination are covered. Functions of DNA and functional effects of variations are introduced, along with mechanism that reduce and modulate functional effects, including TARAR countermeasures and intraindividual genetic conflict. TARAR countermeasures for tolerance, avoidance, repair, attenuation, and resistance are essential for life, integrity of genetic information, and gene expression. The genetic composition, effects of variations, and their expression are considered also in diseases and personalized medicine. The text synthesizes knowledge and insight on individual genetic heterogeneity and organizes and systematizes the central concepts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Genetic Heterogeneity

Vihinen

2022

Genes

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Peach chloroplast genome variation architecture and phylogenomic signatures of cpDNA introgression in Prunus

et al. 2019

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The complete chloroplast genome of peach provides essential information required for the assessment of phylogenetic relationships among Prunus species. Here, we compared the complete chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) genome between two peach cultivars and a wild relative, Prunus mira. The cpDNA genomes of the three peach specimens ranged from 157 330 to 157 744 bp in length and all contained 133 genes and 128 intergenic spacer (IGS) regions with an average GC content of 36.8%. The cpDNA genome of peach contained approximately 600 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), with hexa-nucleotide repeats being the most frequent microsatellites. Most SSRs have undergone divergence between cultivated and wild peaches. A total of 331 single nucleotide variants were identified in the cpDNA genomes. Fifty-one multiple-base pair indels were detected, which are mainly responsible for the cpDNA genome size variation. The cpDNA genomes contained 45 hypervariable regions, with 78% in the large single copy region (LSC). Phylogenomic analysis revealed that Prunus persica is more closely related to Prunus kansuensis than to other wild relatives, and a frequency of introgression of the chloroplast genome between Prunus species was deduced. Collectively, various genetic variations in the cpDNA genomes can serve as molecular markers for genomic studies of Prunus species, such as DNA barcoding, phylogeny, and systematics.

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Mechanisms of Mutation

Cited by 2 publications

References 71 publications

Individual Genetic Heterogeneity

Individual Genetic Heterogeneity

Peach chloroplast genome variation architecture and phylogenomic signatures of cpDNA introgression in Prunus

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