Mechanisms of Metallic Nanomaterials to Induce an Antibacterial Effect

Abstract

Pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, are becoming resistant to most existing drugs, which increases the failure of pharmacologic treatment. Therefore, new nanomaterials were studied to spearhead improvement against the same resistant pathogenic bacteria. This has increased the mortality in the world population, principally in under-developed countries. Moreover, recently there has been research to find new drug formulations to kill the most dangerous microorganisms, such as bacteria cells which should avoid the spread of disease. Therefore, lately, investigations have been focusing on nanomaterials because they can exhibit the capacity to show an antibacterial effect. These studies have been trying oriented in their ability to produce an improvement to get antibacterial damage against the same pathogenic bacteria resistance. However, there are many problems with the use of nanoparticles. One of them is understanding how they act against bacteria, "their mechanism(s) action" to induce reduction or even kill the bacterial strains. Therefore, it is essential to understand the specific mechanism(s) of each nanomaterial used to observe the interaction between bacteria cells and nanoparticles. In addition, since nanoparticles can be functionalized with different antibacterial drugs, it is necessary to consider and distinguish the antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles from the antibacterial activity of the drugs to avoid confusion about how the nanoparticles work. Knowledge of these differences can help better understand the applications of the primary nanoparticles (i.e., Ag, Au, CuO, ZnO, and TiO2, among others) described in detail in this review which are toxic against various bacterial strains.

Antimicrobial Activity of Citrate-Coated Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

“…Our results of the chemiluminescence analysis with the determination of the intensification of reactive oxygen species and the redox status of the nanoceria confirmed this theory. However, the first results of our work, obtained using the agar diffusion method, did not cause despair within the working interdisciplinary group of researchers, but they forced us to intensively discuss and assess the possible reasons for the antimicrobial effects that are proposed in other studies [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 62 ]. Since our scientific research group included chemists, biophysicists, microbiologists, biologists, pathophysiologists, pharmacologists, and surgeons, the search for the causes of this phenomenon was carried out across an extensive range of clinical and practical expertise.…”

“…Since our scientific research group included chemists, biophysicists, microbiologists, biologists, pathophysiologists, pharmacologists, and surgeons, the search for the causes of this phenomenon was carried out across an extensive range of clinical and practical expertise. Before starting our microbiological studies, we were almost confident of a positive result, since we had studied the literature data demonstrating that nanoparticles of heavy metals or metals with variable valence have a pronounced antimicrobial effect [ 30 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. However, our attempts to obtain a similar effect and then to compare the nanoparticles we synthesized with the nanoparticles used by other researchers who obtained a good antibacterial effect were in vain, since the articles we reviewed in most cases did not contain a detailed method for the synthesis of nanoceria.…”

“…There are studies in the literature that claim that nanoparticles of heavy metals or metals with variable valence have a pronounced antimicrobial effect [ 30 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. At the same time, there are also works in which the authors did not obtain such an effect [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ].…”

Nanomaterials based on cerium oxide nanoparticles for wound regeneration: a literature review

“…Вопрос выраженности и даже наличия антимик робной активности до сих пор дискутабелен. Имеют ся работы, утверждающие, что наночастицы тяжелых металлов или металлов с переменной валентностью имеют выраженный антимикробный эффект [53][54][55][56][57]. В то же время немало работ, в которых авторы не по лучили такого эффекта [30,58].…”

Biogenic silver nanoparticles' antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity on human hepatocarcinoma cells (Huh-7)

“…[12][13][14] These agents not only facilitate the synthesis process but also provide biomolecule-induced surface modications that can potentially enhance the nanoparticles' interactions with biological systems. 15 Furthermore, despite these notable advantages, the arena of discrepancies in the biological activity of silver nanoparticles fabricated through different biosynthetic routes remains an underexplored domain. 16 This study aimed to compare silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by two methods: the aqueous secretome of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.…”