Mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal

Nathan, Ran; Schurr, Frank M.; Spiegel, Orr; Steinitz, Ofer; Trakhtenbrot, Ana; Tsoar, Asaf

doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.08.003

Cited by 740 publications

(788 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Grazing promotes seed dispersal and increases seed sources (Nathan et al, 2008). For example, grazing livestock, such as sheep, can incidentally carry seeds in their wool from other habitats and spread these seeds to degraded patches.…”

Section: [ ( F I G _ 5 ) T D $ F I G ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen enrichment and grazing accelerate vegetation restoration in degraded grassland patches

Quan

Zhang

et al. 2015

Ecological Engineering

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A B S T R A C TA rapid increase in grazing intensity since the 1980s has caused large areas of the Inner Mongolian grasslands to become degraded. Increasing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition might exert an important influence on vegetation restoration in these degraded grasslands by increasing available N and relieving N limitations on productivity. However, no previous studies have tested the assumption that increasing N deposition promotes vegetation restoration in degraded grasslands. By conducting a 4-year field restoration experiment with four N addition treatments (0, 5, 10, and 20 g N m À2 year À1 ) and two grazing treatments (grazed and ungrazed), we investigated the effects of N enrichment and grazing on the restoration of patches in which vegetation had been degraded. N addition significantly accelerated the restoration of vegetation-degraded grassland patches regarding both plant cover and diversity. Moderate grazing also promoted the restoration of degraded-vegetation patches in term of both plant diversity and species similarity. Importantly, the positive effects of N addition on the restoration of degraded patches may be augmented by grazing. This study demonstrate that low levels of N enrichment (or increasing atmospheric N deposition) positively impact vegetation restoration in degraded grassland patches, particularly under moderate grazing practices. Our findings provide new insights into the management of severely degraded grasslands through the regulation of N inputs and grazing practices.

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Section: [ ( F I G _ 5 ) T D $ F I G ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen enrichment and grazing accelerate vegetation restoration in degraded grassland patches

Quan

Zhang

et al. 2015

Ecological Engineering

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“…Long-distance dispersal between continents can be mediated by migratory animals, extreme meteorological phenomena, ocean currents, floating islands, or winds (Houle, 1998(Houle, , 1999Nathan et al, 2008;Renner, 2004;Winkworth et al, 2002). Ocean currents have been suggested for some taxa with trans-oceanic disjunctions, such as Lathyrus L. of Fabaceae (Kenicer et al, 2005), Chrysosplenium L. of Saxifragaceae (Soltis et al, 2001), and Ceiba pentandra L. of Malvaceae (Dick et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersals of Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae (Solanaceae) from the New World to Eurasia in the early Miocene and their biogeographic diversification within Eurasia

Volis

Dillon

et al. 2010

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

105

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“…Dispersal distance data, combined with measurements of relevant biological and spatial variables, will enable the test of key hypotheses related to the predictors of marine dispersal, analogous to work on terrestrial seed dispersal (16,17). For example, oceanographers have hypothesized that anisotropy in ocean currents will lead to asymmetry in dispersal and population connectivity (18,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Patterns, causes, and consequences of marine larval dispersal

D'Aloia

Bogdanowicz

Francis

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

189

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Quantifying the probability of larval exchange among marine populations is key to predicting local population dynamics and optimizing networks of marine protected areas. The pattern of connectivity among populations can be described by the measurement of a dispersal kernel. However, a statistically robust, empirical dispersal kernel has been lacking for any marine species. Here, we use genetic parentage analysis to quantify a dispersal kernel for the reef fish Elacatinus lori, demonstrating that dispersal declines exponentially with distance. The spatial scale of dispersal is an order of magnitude less than previous estimates-the median dispersal distance is just 1.7 km and no dispersal events exceed 16.4 km despite intensive sampling out to 30 km from source. Overlaid on this strong pattern is subtle spatial variation, but neither pelagic larval duration nor direction is associated with the probability of successful dispersal. Given the strong relationship between distance and dispersal, we show that distance-driven logistic models have strong power to predict dispersal probabilities. Moreover, connectivity matrices generated from these models are congruent with empirical estimates of spatial genetic structure, suggesting that the pattern of dispersal we uncovered reflects long-term patterns of gene flow. These results challenge assumptions regarding the spatial scale and presumed predictors of marine population connectivity. We conclude that if marine reserve networks aim to connect whole communities of fishes and conserve biodiversity broadly, then reserves that are close in space (<10 km) will accommodate those members of the community that are shortdistance dispersers.population connectivity | dispersal kernel | parentage analysis | marine protected areas | biological oceanography Q uantifying patterns of marine larval dispersal is a major goal of ecology and conservation biology (1-3). Many marine species have a bipartite life cycle that is characterized by a dispersive larval phase and a relatively sedentary adult phase. Thus, larval dispersal drives the exchange of individuals and alleles (i.e., connectivity) among populations within many marine metapopulations (4). In turn, connectivity influences population dynamics, microevolutionary processes, and the design of effective networks of marine reserves.Ecologists have long recognized that dispersal kernels offer a useful approach to quantifying patterns of dispersal (5, 6). Here, an empirical dispersal kernel is defined as a probability density function (p.d.f.) that can be integrated to yield the probability of successful dispersal over a given distance. Estimating a dispersal kernel requires that sampling be spatially extensive to capture longdistance dispersal (LDD) events-the tail of the kernel. Capturing the tail is essential to understanding ecological and evolutionary processes that are driven by LDD (7). Sampling must also be intensive to tighten the confidence intervals (CIs) associated with low-frequency LDD events. Despite a decades-long resea...

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Mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal

Cited by 740 publications

References 65 publications

Nitrogen enrichment and grazing accelerate vegetation restoration in degraded grassland patches

Nitrogen enrichment and grazing accelerate vegetation restoration in degraded grassland patches

Dispersals of Hyoscyameae and Mandragoreae (Solanaceae) from the New World to Eurasia in the early Miocene and their biogeographic diversification within Eurasia

Patterns, causes, and consequences of marine larval dispersal

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