Mechanisms of Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis

Natarajan, Gayathri; Oghumu, Steve; Thomas, Alexandria; Satoskar, Abhay R.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9108-8_1

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…since Leishmania is an obligatory intracellular parasite residing within host macrophages [8]. CD4 + Th1 type cytokines and in particular IFN-γ play a dual role in intracellular infection control.…”

Section: Leishmaniasis Is a Th1-immune-response Demanding Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Protection Induced by DNA and Live Vaccine Encoding Leishmania MHC Class I Restricted Epitopes against L. major Challenge in Balb/c Mice Model

Zandieh¹,

Kashi²,

Taheri³

2015

J Microb Biochem Technol

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Section: Leishmaniasis Is a Th1-immune-response Demanding Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Protection Induced by DNA and Live Vaccine Encoding Leishmania MHC Class I Restricted Epitopes against L. major Challenge in Balb/c Mice Model

Zandieh¹,

Kashi²,

Taheri³

2015

J Microb Biochem Technol

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“…L. amazonensis, L. mexicana, and L. aethiopica strains are reported as the main etiological agents of DCL, a severe form of CL characterized by the absence of specific cell-mediated response for Leishmania antigens, high parasite proliferation and dissemination in humans [8,9] (Figure 3). DCL patients often present with low levels of Th1 cytokines, high antibody titers, and high parasite loads in their lesions [5,94].…”

Section: Cutaneous Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clearance of these intracellular parasites and, ultimately, the infection resolution involves the coordinated participation of both innate and adaptive immunity, a process that demands precise regulation. However, suppression or exacerbation of the immune responses promotes the characteristic immunopathology of leishmaniasis [8]. Here, we will review the immune mechanisms driving the Leishmania and their implications to the infected host [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis

Meira

Gedamu

2019

Microorganisms

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The intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease of major public health concern, estimated to affect 12 million people worldwide. The clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis are highly variable and can range from self-healing localized cutaneous lesions to life-threatening disseminated visceral disease. Once introduced into the skin by infected sandflies, Leishmania parasites interact with a variety of immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages. The resolution of infection requires a finely tuned interplay between innate and adaptive immune cells, culminating with the activation of microbicidal functions and parasite clearance within host cells. However, several factors derived from the host, insect vector, and Leishmania spp., including the presence of a double-stranded RNA virus (LRV), can modulate the host immunity and influence the disease outcome. In this review, we discuss the immune mechanisms underlying the main forms of leishmaniasis, some of the factors involved with the establishment of infection and disease severity, and potential approaches for vaccine and drug development focused on host immunity.

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“…Parasitic clearance is happened by nitric oxide (NO) which is produced by macrophages. Some cytokines such as IFN- and TNF- activate macrophages to produce nitric oxide, while cytokines like IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF- dampen NO production, thereby decreasing the leishmanicidal ability of the cells [19,20]. Besides being an important effector cell, macrophage have a role in antigenpresenting to T cells [21].…”

Section: Immunologic Response In Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, macrophage can serve as a host for the replication and spread of the parasite by in inhibition of phagosome-endosome fusion, thereafter referring as Trojan horse [22]. In condition aparasite-driven Th2 response, it is seen a progression of the disease mediated by the expression of non-protectiveTh2-related cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 [20]. Like this, Th1 suppressing cytokines such as TGF- and IL-10 increase susceptibility to VL [23].…”

Section: Immunologic Response In Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Leishmaniasis during the increased Syrian refugee traffic

Ardıç¹,

Ardic²,

Gunel³

2018

Glob J Infect Dis Clin Res

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Especially in recent years, important population mobility occurs worldwide, including refugee crisis affecting especially Middle East and Europe. Consequently, like other infectious diseases have signifi cance for public health, leishmaniasis is spreading globally. 350 million people in 88 countries, mostly in developing areas, are at risk of leishmaniasis. The diseases may be seen in three clinical forms as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral caused by about 20 different species of Leishmania parasite. The parasitological diagnosis is made by microscopic examination, cultivation, PCR and serological methods. There is currently no available vaccine for this infection. Pentavalent antimonials are the fi rst line therapeutic choice, whereas amphotericin B, pentamidine, miltefosine, and paromomycin are alternative drugs. Other side, increasing resistance and toxicity of the current therapeutics are signifi cant problems. The combination therapy, immunotherapy, anti-leishmanial synthetic and natural products, and local hyperthermic applications are promising for future treatment of leishmaniasis. The preventive efforts have been applying based on individuals and community.In CHB patients, habits of drinking alcohol and cigarette smoking, elevated serum levels of TBil and serum AST/ALT ratio, increased duration of hepatitis B, a family of hepatitis B, male gender and older age can increase the risk of LC development.

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Mechanisms of Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis

Cited by 7 publications

References 61 publications

Assessment of Protection Induced by DNA and Live Vaccine Encoding Leishmania MHC Class I Restricted Epitopes against L. major Challenge in Balb/c Mice Model

Assessment of Protection Induced by DNA and Live Vaccine Encoding Leishmania MHC Class I Restricted Epitopes against L. major Challenge in Balb/c Mice Model

Protective or Detrimental? Understanding the Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis during the increased Syrian refugee traffic

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