Mechanisms of<i>Tritrichomonas foetus</i>Pathogenicity in Cats with Insights from Venereal Trichomonosis

Tolbert, M Katherine; Gookin, Jody L.

doi:10.1111/jvim.13920

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(262 reference statements)

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“…Because it is a recently described parasite, the pathogenesis of T. foetus infection in cats is still not fully understood (TOLBERT & GOOKIN, 2016). There are hypotheses on whether the parasite alone could cause clinical signs, or whether feline trichomonosis could be a multifactorial disease, associated with enteric coinfections and host-related factors (GOOKIN et al, 2004).…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, diarrhea in these animals is usually slowed down with the administration of antibiotics (GOOKIN et al, 1999(GOOKIN et al, , 2001. If these antibiotics directly reduce the bacterial contribution in the pathogenesis of diarrhea or simply reduce the numbers of T. foetus by nutrient support depletion is unknown (TOLBERT & GOOKIN, 2016).…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

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What is known about Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats?

Bastos

Mendes-de-Almeida

Brener

2019

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite that has been definitively identified as an agent of trichomonosis, a disease characterized by chronic diarrhea. T. foetus colonizes portions of the feline large intestine, and manifests as chronic and recurrent diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood, which is often unresponsive to common drugs. Diagnosis of a trichomonad infection is made by either the demonstration of the trophozoite on a direct fecal smear, fecal culture and subsequent microscopic examination of the parasite, or extraction of DNA in feces and amplification by the use of molecular tools. T. foetus is commonly misidentified as other flagellate protozoa such as Giardia duodenalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Without proper treatment, the diarrhea may resolve spontaneously in months to years, but cats can remain carriers of the parasite. This paper intends to serve as a source of information for investigators and veterinarians, reviewing the most important aspects of feline trichomonosis, such as trichomonad history, biology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, world distribution, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.

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Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

What is known about Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats?

Bastos

Mendes-de-Almeida

Brener

2019

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…However, P. hominis is generally considered nonpathogenic to humans (Gookin et al 2007;Meloni et al 2011). Tritrichomonas foetus is less common in dogs and not considered a human pathogen, although it may cause genitourinary infection in cattle and diarrhea in cats and dogs (Gookin et al 2005;Michi et al 2016;Tolbert and Gookin 2016). However, a rare case of T. foetus peritonitis was reported in an immunodeficient patient (Lacassin 2005), implying its potential to cause opportunistic infection in humans.…”

Section: Implication On Public Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in companion dogs with diarrhea in Beijing, China, and genetic characteristics of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species

et al. 2017

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Companion animals including dogs are one of the important components in One Health. Parasites may cause not only diseases in pet animals but also many zoonotic diseases infecting humans. In this study, we performed a survey of intestinal parasites in fecal specimens (n = 485) collected from outpatient pet dogs with diarrhea in Beijing, China, for the entire year of 2015 by microscopic examination (all parasites) and SSU rRNA-based nested PCR detection (Giardia and Cryptosporidium). We observed a total of 124 (25.6%) parasite-positive specimens that contained one or more parasites, including Giardia duodenalis (12.8%), Cryptosporidium spp. (4.9%), Cystoisospora spp. (4.3%), trichomonads (4.3%), Toxocara canis (3.5%), Trichuris vulpis (0.6%), and Dipylidium caninum (0.2%). Among the 55 dog breeds, infection rates were significantly higher in border collies and bulldogs, but lower in poodles (p < 0.05). Risk factor analysis suggested that age was negatively correlated with the infection rate (p < 0.00001), while vaccination and deworming in the past 12 months could significantly reduce the parasite infections (p < 0.01). Among the 62 Giardia-positive specimens, 21 were successfully assigned into assemblages using glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and/or beta-giardin (bg) genes, including assemblage D (n = 15), C (n = 5), and F (n = 1). Among the 24 Cryptosporidium-positive specimens by SSU rRNA PCR, 20 PCR amplicons could be sequenced and identified as Cryptosporidium canis (n = 20). Collectively, this study indicates that parasites are a significant group of pathogens in companion dogs in Beijing, and companion dogs may potentially transmit certain zoonotic parasites to humans, particularly those with weak or weakened immunity.

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“…It is likely the host response to T. foetus was compromised, leading to increased numbers of T. foetus. Bovine T. foetus infections elicit a parasite-specific antibody response to adhesin and contact-dependent cytotoxicity, and these mechanisms may be hindered in immunosuppressed animals (Tolbert and Gookin, 2016;Voyich et al, 2001). Fluctuations in intestinal microbiota in the weaned kitten, influenced by co-infection of enteric pathogens, may have contributed to the trichomonad disease burden (Gookin et al, 2017;Šlapeta et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fulminant Tritrichomonas foetus ‘feline genotype’ infection in a 3-month old kitten associated with viral co-infection

Setyo

Donahoe

Šlapeta

2019

Veterinary Parasitology

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Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellate protist which commonly causes a waxing and waning large bowel diarrhoea in young cats. We report severe T. foetus infection of the colon, cecum and ileum with concurrent feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV) and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in a 3-month-old Bengal kitten with an 8-day history of vomiting, diarrhoea, failure to thrive and coughing. Protozoa filling the lumen and crypts and occasional invading into lamina propria were identified within the affected colon and confirmed by PCR as T. foetus 'feline genotype'. Assessment of faeces by PCR revealed concurrent infection with FCoV and FPV. It is possible that immunosuppression by FPV played a role in the unprecedented T. foetus infection intensity observed histologically. Studies during and after resolution of FPV infection, will be critical to determine if T. foetus co-infection affects long-term prognosis of FPV survivors. PathologyThe carcase was submitted to the Veterinary Pathology Diagnostic Services of the University of Sydney for postmortem and histopathological examination. A complete postmortem examination was performed and samples were collected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histopathology. Sections (4 μm) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS), Giemsa stain and Grocott's methenamine silver stain. Molecular diagnosticsA faecal sample was submitted for the IDEXX Feline Diarrhoea

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Mechanisms ofTritrichomonas foetusPathogenicity in Cats with Insights from Venereal Trichomonosis

Cited by 33 publications

References 105 publications

What is known about Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats?

What is known about Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats?

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in companion dogs with diarrhea in Beijing, China, and genetic characteristics of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species

Fulminant Tritrichomonas foetus ‘feline genotype’ infection in a 3-month old kitten associated with viral co-infection

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