Mechanisms of hydrogen-induced losses in silica-based optical fibers

Iino, Akira; Kuwabara, M.; Kokura, K.

doi:10.1109/50.60564

Cited by 36 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Fibre sensitization through hydrogen loading is an important technique to easily fabricate strong FBGs in nonphotosensitive fibres as well as photosensitive fibres [22], noting that residual molecular hydrogen should be diffused out of the FBG and the fibre after UV exposure in the annealing process. Otherwise, these residual hydrogen molecules can give rise to intense absorption between 1.0 and 1.7 µm, and especially form strong absorption peaks at 1.08, 1.17, 1.24, 1.59 and 1.63 µm [23,24]. Besides, hydroxyl chiefly forming during the UV exposure will cause a well known overtone absorption in fibres near 1.4 µm.…”

Section: Fbg Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of fibre Bragg gratings and influences on high-power Raman fibre lasers

Wang

2003

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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In this paper, some characteristics of fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) written in Raman fibres, such as insertion losses and spectra, are described. Their influences on a typical Raman fibre laser are numerically simulated. The insufficient FBG bandwidth and depth of a weak FBG will cause a significant leakage of the cavity power. Meanwhile, a large insertion loss of a strong FBG will result in a significant cavity loss. Based on this trade-off, the selection of FBG parameters for this kind of Raman fibre laser is discussed. The spectral broadening effect together with its impact on the simulation accuracy is also analysed. The simulated results agree well with the experimental results. The proposed model and obtained results are important for the design and application of high-power Raman fibre lasers.

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Section: Fbg Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of fibre Bragg gratings and influences on high-power Raman fibre lasers

Wang

2003

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…Since the late 1970s, investigators have realized that hydrogen ingress into optical fibers acts to modify spectral transmission characteristics and optical path length by means of refractive index changes 35,36,37,38,39,40 . For example, it has been shown that hydrogen reacts with germanium and phosphorous-doped silica fibers to form SiOH, GeOH, and POH with accompanying increases to a rich spectrum of optical absorption bands.…”

Section: Hydrogen-induced Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downhole fiber optic sensing: the oilfield service provider's perspective: from the cradle to the grave

Skinner

Maida

2014

SPIE Proceedings

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For almost three decades, interest has continued to increase with respect to the application of fiber-optic sensing techniques for the upstream oil and gas industry. This paper reviews optical sensing technologies that have been and are being adopted downhole, as well as their drivers. A brief description of the life of a well, from the cradle to the grave, and the roles fiber-optic sensing can play in optimizing production, safety, and protection of the environment are also presented. The performance expectations (accuracy, resolution, stability, and operational lifetime) that oil companies and oil service companies have for fiber-optic sensing systems is described. Additionally, the environmental conditions (high hydrostatic pressures, high temperatures, shock, vibration, crush, and chemical exposure) that these systems must tolerate to provide reliable and economically attractive oilfield monitoring solutions are described.

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“…IR spectroscopy is a useful technique for investigating the effect of molecular hydrogen and hydroxyl species in silica fibers because the IR spectrum provides information about the structure, thermal history, glass composition, and impurities [12][13][14][15][16]. The characteristic absorption of the vibrational and rotational modes of hydrogen-related species in silica glass have been reported in many studies investigating the nature of the hydrogen induced losses in optical fibers and the interactions of hydrogen species in silica glass [11,[17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature dependent behavior of optical loss from hydrogen species in optical fibers

Bonnell

Homa

et al. 2015

SPIE Proceedings

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This study reports on the temperature dependent behavior of absorption bands generated in optical fibers via hydrogen exposure at 800 °C. Hydrogen exposure at 800 °C resulted in the generation of two large absorption bands in the 1-2.5 µm wavelength range at ~1.4 µm and ~2.2 µm. These bands showed temperature dependent behavior when in the temperature range of 20-800 °C such that at higher temperatures the absorption intensity in these two bands was smaller than at room temperature. The temperature dependent behavior was shown to be reversible and repeatable under an array of testing conditions including thermal cycling and long periods of time without hydrogen exposure. The reversibility suggests that no chemical change is taking place while the repeatability suggests that no permanent structural change in the glass is taking place. Although both absorption bands are associated with hydroxyl groups and exhibited similar temperature dependence, variations were observed with respect to time and exposure environment. Therefore, we surmised that the observed behaviors were not exclusive to the hydroxyl bond and/or structural modifications. In this paper, we discuss the possible mechanisms responsible for the observed phenomena and, conversely, the conditions that would be necessary to induce the structural changes that would induce changes in the absorption intensities.

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Mechanisms of hydrogen-induced losses in silica-based optical fibers

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

Characteristics of fibre Bragg gratings and influences on high-power Raman fibre lasers

Characteristics of fibre Bragg gratings and influences on high-power Raman fibre lasers

Downhole fiber optic sensing: the oilfield service provider's perspective: from the cradle to the grave

Temperature dependent behavior of optical loss from hydrogen species in optical fibers

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