Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia

Koltyn, Kelli F.; Brellenthin, Angelique G.; Cook, Dane B.; Sehgal, Nalini; Hillard, Cecilia J.

doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.09.006

Cited by 288 publications

(277 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…12 Furthermore, a recent human study suggested the involvement of a non-opioid vs. opioid mechanism in isometric EIH using temporal summation and PPTs as the experimental pain tests. 21 Greater EIH was associated with increased circulating levels of the endocannabinoid docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHA) following isometric exercise. Interestingly, DHA deficiency is associated with aging 1 , however age-related differences in the DHA response to exercise is not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Modulation of Pain in Older Adults After Isometric and Aerobic Exercise

Naugle

Riley

2016

The Journal of Pain

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Laboratory based studies show that acute aerobic and isometric exercise reduces sensitivity to painful stimuli in young healthy individuals, indicative of a hypoalgesic response. However, little is known regarding the effect of aging on exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH). The purpose of this study was to examine age differences in EIH following submaximal isometric exercise, and moderate and vigorous aerobic exercise. Healthy older and younger adults completed one training session and four testing sessions consisting of either a submaximal isometric handgrip exercise, vigorous or moderate intensity stationary cycling, or quiet rest (control). The following measures were taken pre and post exercise/quiet rest: 1) pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), 2) suprathreshold pressure pain ratings, 3) pain ratings during 30-s of prolonged noxious heat stimulation, and 3) temporal summation of heat pain. The results revealed age differences in EIH following isometric and aerobic exercise, with younger adults experiencing greater EIH compared to older adults. The age differences in EIH varied across pain induction techniques and exercise type. These results provide evidence for abnormal pain modulation following acute exercise in older adults. PERSPECTIVE This article enhances our understanding of the influence of a single bout of exercise on pain sensitivity and perception in healthy older compared to younger adults. This knowledge could potentially help clinicians optimize exercise as a method of pain management.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Modulation of Pain in Older Adults After Isometric and Aerobic Exercise

Naugle

Riley

2016

The Journal of Pain

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“…The authors speculated that activation of the endogenous opioid system by exercise may have alleviated withdrawal and provided a superior psychobiological substitute for those who used heroin compared to those who used tobacco or alcohol, which primarily affect non-opioid (e.g., acetylcholinergic and GABAergic) pathways (19). Along a similar vein, exercise interventions conducted with CUD patients and which include investigation of a psychobiological mechanism are an appropriate and intriguing next area of research, as exercise has been shown to repeatedly and robustly activate the endocannabinoid (eCB) system in healthy individuals (27–32). …”

Section: Exercise In the Treatment Of Cannabis Use Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise as an adjunctive treatment for cannabis use disorder

Brellenthin

Koltyn

2016

The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

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Background Despite cannabis being the most widely used illicit substance in the United States, individuals diagnosed with cannabis use disorder have few well-researched, affordable treatment options available to them. Though found to be effective for improving treatment outcomes in other drug populations, exercise is an affordable and highly accessible treatment approach that has not been routinely investigated in cannabis users. Objectives The aim of this paper is to inform the topic regarding exercise’s potential as an adjunctive treatment for individuals with cannabis use disorder. Methods We reviewed the evidence surrounding cannabis use and its current treatment in the United States, explored the rationale for including exercise in the treatment of substance use disorders, and in particular, proposed a biological mechanism (i.e., endocannabinoids) that should be examined when utilizing exercise for the treatment of cannabis use disorder. Results Cannabis use is widespread and increasing in the United States. Chronic, heavy cannabis use may dysregulate the endogenous cannabinoid system, which has implications for several psychobiological processes that interact with the endocannabinoid system such as reward processing and the stress response. Given that exercise is a potent activator of the endocannabinoid system, it is mechanistically plausible that exercise could be an optimal method to supplement cessation efforts by reducing psychophysical withdrawal, managing stress, and attenuating drug cravings. Conclusion We suggest there is a strong behavioral and physiological rationale to design studies which specifically assess the efficacy of exercise, in combination with other therapies, in treating cannabis use disorder. Moreover, it will be especially important to include the investigation of psychobiological mechanisms (e.g., endocannabinoids, hippocampal volume) which have been associated with both exercise and substance use disorders to examine the broader impact of exercise on behavioral and physiological responses to treatment.

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“…For healthy individuals, acute bouts of exercise tend to reduce pain sensitivity (i.e., create hypoalgesia) through the release of endogenous opioids, which have been proposed to help modulate pain processing in areas of the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, exercise is generally expected to result in higher pain tolerance and reduced pain [11]. However, in patients with chronic pain, acute aerobic and isometric exercise may actually have the opposite (hyperalgesic) effect; in other words, pain sensitivity may increase immediately following exercise [12].…”

Section: What Is the Evidence Behind Exercise Recommendations For Jfm?mentioning

confidence: 99%