Mechanisms of detection and imaging in the ESEM

Danilatos, G. D.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1990.tb03043.x

Cited by 68 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…ESEM is a technique that allows imaging of organic samples in the fresh or living state (e.g., uncoated, wet, and hydrated tissue) without the need for conventional preparation techniques (Danilatos 1981;Manero et al 2003;Jin et al 2013). ESEM can be used to measure the microstructure accurately without invasively altering it (Danilatos 1990;Lu et al 2013), thus allowing specimens to be studied at high resolution and close to their natural states (Dang and Copeland 2004). ESEM analysis confirmed that secretions were also mainly composed of sodium and chlorine (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Study on pathway and characteristics of ion secretion of salt glands of Limonium bicolor

et al. 2014

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Recretohalophytes with specialized salt-secreting structures, including salt glands and salt bladders, can secrete excess salts from plant tissues and enhance salinity tolerance of plants. However, the pathway and property of salt secretion by the salt gland has not been elucidated. In the article, Limonium bicolor Kuntze was used to investigate the pathway and characteristics of salt secretion of salt gland. Scanning electron microscope micrographs showed that each of the secretory cells had a pore in the center of the cuticle, and the rice grain-like secretions were observed above the pore. The chemical composition of secretions from secretory pores was mainly NaCl using environmental scanning electron microscope technique. Non-invasive micro-test technology was used to directly measure ion secretion rate of salt gland, and secretion rates of Na ? and Cl -were greatly enhanced by a 200-mmol/L NaCl treatment. However, epidermal cells and stoma showed little secretion of ions. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that the salt glands of L. bicolor have four secretory pores and that NaCl is secreted through these pores of salt gland.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Study on pathway and characteristics of ion secretion of salt glands of Limonium bicolor

et al. 2014

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“…Theory relating to the signals induced on conducting electrodes by moving charge carriers in an ionized gas has been revised by several authors in the past. Danilatos (1990a,b), Durkin & Shah (1993), Mohan et al . (1998), Raether (1964) and Toth & Phillips (2000b) have discussed signal induction in the ESEM.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient analysis of gaseous electron‐ion recombination in the environmental scanning electron microscope

Morgan

Phillips

2006

Journal of Microscopy

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SummaryMost of the work carried out in relation to contrast mechanisms and signal formation in an environmental scanning electron microscope has yet to consider the time dependent aspects of image generation at a quantitative level. This paper quantitatively describes gaseous electron-ion recombination (also known as 'signal scavenging') in an environmental scanning electron microscope at a transient level by utilizing the dark shadows/streaks seen in gaseous secondary electron detector images of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) immediately after a region of enhanced secondary electron emission is encountered by a scanning electron beam. The investigation firstly derives a theoretical model of gaseous electron-ion recombination that takes into consideration transients caused by the time constant of the gaseous secondary electron detector electronics and external circuitry used to generate images. Experimental data of pixel intensity versus time of the streaks are then simulated using the model enabling the relative magnitudes of (i) ionization and recombination rates, (ii) recombination coefficients and (iii) electron drift velocities, as well as absolute values of the total time constant of the gaseous secondary electron detection system and external circuitry, to be determined as a function of microscope operating parameters such as gaseous secondary electron detector bias, sampleelectrode separation, imaging gas pressure, and scan speed. The results revealed, for the first time, the exact dependence that the effects of secondary electron-ion recombination on signal formation has on reduced electric field and time in an environmental scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, the model implicitly demonstrated that signal loss as a consequence of field retardation due to ion space charges, although obviously present, is not the foremost phenomenon causing streaking in images, as previously thought.

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“…The construction details of an ESEM are widely available 36, 37. The availability of additional tools such as Peltier Cooler, Stress-Strain stage, micro injector and heater stage have extended the use of ESEM to more dynamical measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-Micrometer Dropwise Condensation under Superheated and Rarefied Vapor Condition

Anand

Son

2010

Langmuir

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Phase change accompanying conversion of a saturated or superheated vapor in presence of subcooled surfaces is one of the most common occurring phenomena in nature. The mode of phase change which follows such a transformation is dependent upon surface properties like as of contact angle and thermodynamic conditions of the system. In present studies, an experimental approach is used to study the physics behind droplet growth on a partially wetting surface. Superheated vapor at low pressures of 4-5 torr was condensed on subcooled silicon surface with static contact angle as of 60° in absence of non-condensable gases, and the condensation process monitored using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) with submicroscopic spatial resolution. The condensation process was analyzed in the form of size growth of isolated droplets for before a coalescence event ended the regime of single droplet growth. Droplet growth obtained as a function of time reveals that the rate of growth decreases as the droplet increases in size. This behavior is indicative of an overall droplet growth law existing over larger time scales of which the current observations in their brief time intervals could be fitted in. A theoretical model based on kinetic theory further support the experimental observations indicating a mechanism where growth occurs by interfacial mass transport directly on condensing droplet surface. Evidence was also found which establishes the presence of submicroscopic droplets nucleating and growing in between microscopic droplets for partially wetting case.

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Mechanisms of detection and imaging in the ESEM

Cited by 68 publications

References 10 publications

Study on pathway and characteristics of ion secretion of salt glands of Limonium bicolor

Study on pathway and characteristics of ion secretion of salt glands of Limonium bicolor

Transient analysis of gaseous electron‐ion recombination in the environmental scanning electron microscope

Sub-Micrometer Dropwise Condensation under Superheated and Rarefied Vapor Condition

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