Mechanisms of Brain Morphogenesis

Filas, Benjamen A.; Xu, Gang; Taber, Larry A.

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5464-5_24

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…For small ratios of layer μ l to foundation μ s stiffnesses, m l =m s , 10, as the wrinkling patterns develop, the system localizes this initial deformation and a fold or crease appears as observed in many biological systems. The deep folding patterns that are formed during the growth of brains are believed to be partially caused by this mechanical instability [87,150]. The analysis of this instability is particularly difficult owing to the existence of multiple unstable linear modes and possible contact.…”

Section: The Brain: Cortical Folding During Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and remodelling of living tissues: perspectives, challenges and opportunities

Ambrosi

Amar²,

Cyron

et al. 2019

J. R. Soc. Interface.

180

120

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One of the most remarkable differences between classical engineering materials and living matter is the ability of the latter to grow and remodel in response to diverse stimuli. The mechanical behaviour of living matter is governed not only by an elastic or viscoelastic response to loading on short time scales up to several minutes, but also by often crucial growth and remodelling responses on time scales from hours to months. Phenomena of growth and remodelling play important roles, for example during morphogenesis in early life as well as in homeostasis and pathogenesis in adult tissues, which often adapt to changes in their chemo-mechanical environment as a result of ageing, diseases, injury or surgical intervention. Mechano-regulated growth and remodelling are observed in various soft tissues, ranging from tendons and arteries to the eye and brain, but also in bone, lower organisms and plants. Understanding and predicting growth and remodelling of living systems is one of the most important challenges in biomechanics and mechanobiology. This article reviews the current state of growth and remodelling as it applies primarily to soft tissues, and provides a perspective on critical challenges and future directions.

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Section: The Brain: Cortical Folding During Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth and remodelling of living tissues: perspectives, challenges and opportunities

Ambrosi

Amar²,

Cyron

et al. 2019

J. R. Soc. Interface.

180

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In particular the theory of multiplicative growth due to Rodriguez et al (1994) has been widely used to model the development and growth of biological tissues including cardiovascular tissue (Alford and Taber, 2008; Goktepe et al, 2010; Lin and Taber, 1995; Ramasubramanian et al, 2006; Taber and Chabert, 2002), brain (Filas et al, 2013; Xu et al, 2009, 2010; Varner et al, 2010), and skin (Zollner et al, 2012a, 2012b). This theory underlies several recent mathematical models of the generation of folds and creases, although few of these models directly address the question of cortical folding.…”

Section: Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical forces in cerebral cortical folding: A review of measurements and models

Bayly¹,

Taber

Kroenke

2014

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

168

153

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Folding of the cerebral cortical surface is a critical process in human brain development, yet despite decades of indirect study and speculation the mechanics of the process remain incompletely understood. Leading hypotheses have focused on the roles of circumferential expansion of the cortex, radial growth, and internal tension in neuronal fibers (axons). In this article, we review advances in the mathematical modeling of growth and morphogenesis and new experimental data, which together promise to clarify the mechanical basis of cortical folding. Recent experimental studies have illuminated not only the fundamental cellular and molecular processes underlying cortical development, but also the stress state and mechanical behavior of the developing brain. The combination of mathematical modeling and biomechanical data provides a means to evaluate hypothesized mechanisms objectively and quantitatively, and to ensure that they are consistent with physical law, given plausible assumptions and reasonable parameter values.

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“…Eventually, the anterior and posterior regions of the neural tube become the brain and spinal cord, respectively. Morphogenesis of the neural tube occurs in a specific spatiotemporal pattern along the length of the embryo ( Sadler, 2005 ; Purves, 2012 ; Filas et al, 2013 ).…”

Section: Mtor and Early Cns Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: Its Role in Early Neural Development and in Adult and Aged Brain Function

Garza-Lombó

Gonsebatt

2016

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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The kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates signals triggered by energy, stress, oxygen levels, and growth factors. It regulates ribosome biogenesis, mRNA translation, nutrient metabolism, and autophagy. mTOR participates in various functions of the brain, such as synaptic plasticity, adult neurogenesis, memory, and learning. mTOR is present during early neural development and participates in axon and dendrite development, neuron differentiation, and gliogenesis, among other processes. Furthermore, mTOR has been shown to modulate lifespan in multiple organisms. This protein is an important energy sensor that is present throughout our lifetime its role must be precisely described in order to develop therapeutic strategies and prevent diseases of the central nervous system. The aim of this review is to present our current understanding of the functions of mTOR in neural development, the adult brain and aging.

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Mechanisms of Brain Morphogenesis

Cited by 4 publications

References 45 publications

Growth and remodelling of living tissues: perspectives, challenges and opportunities

Growth and remodelling of living tissues: perspectives, challenges and opportunities

Mechanical forces in cerebral cortical folding: A review of measurements and models

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: Its Role in Early Neural Development and in Adult and Aged Brain Function

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