Mechanisms of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Lessons Learned from Environmental Tetracycline‐Resistant Bacteria

Roberts, Marilyn C.

doi:10.1002/9781118156247.ch7

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The latter is dominant in the streptomycin-resistant aquatic isolates, while enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic is the most common in sedimentary isolates [53,59]. Resistance genes detected are typical for aquatic and soil environments [32,[60][61][62]. In our study, we observed a correlation between Pseudomonas and Microbacterium isolates and some identified genes.…”

Section: As An Example the Presence Of Tet(a) Tet(b) Tet(d) Tet(esupporting

confidence: 55%

Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Among Bacteria Isolated from Sediments and Water of Carp Farms Located in a Polish Nature Reserve

Piotrowska¹,

Rzeczycka²,

Ostrowski³

et al. 2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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The present study collected bacterial samples from water and bottom sediments from fish farms located in a nature reserve area in Poland with no recorded history of antibiotic use. The aim of the study was to determine the initial states of tetracycline, streptomycin, and erythromycin resistance before a potential increase of intensive aquaculture and application of antimicrobial agents in that region. With this in mind, the diversity and antibiotic resistance phenotypes and genotypes of isolates from the bottom sediments and water in five of the 13 fish ponds in Raszyn were evaluated. A total of 58 (sediment, n = 24; water, n = 34) non-repetitive and non-susceptible isolates were affiliated to 14 genera. Among the sediment isolates, Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. were isolated most frequently, and from the water, Stenotrophomonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Phenotypically resistant isolates selected by disk diffusion were further screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplicon sequencing. The isolates derived from the water showed a greater percentage of phenotypically resistant isolates to each of the three antibiotics. The most common tetracycline resistant genes detected in isolates from both the water and sediment were tet(A), tet(T), tet(W), and tet(34). On the other hand, the genes tet(X), tet(H), tet(M), and tet(BP) were the most frequent among sedimentary isolates, while tet(B), tet(C), tet (D), and tet(32) were prevalent in aquatic isolates. The most prevalent streptomycin resistance genes among the aquatic isolates were aac(6')-I, str(A), and str(B). The erythromycin resistance genes detected in all isolates included msr(A), erm(X), erm(V), erm(F), and erm(E).

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Section: As An Example the Presence Of Tet(a) Tet(b) Tet(d) Tet(esupporting

confidence: 55%

Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Among Bacteria Isolated from Sediments and Water of Carp Farms Located in a Polish Nature Reserve

Piotrowska¹,

Rzeczycka²,

Ostrowski³

et al. 2017

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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“…Biosynthesis of tetracycline is ancient (40), resulting in numerous enzymes capable of modifying tetracycline scaffolds (41, 42) while selecting for diverse resistance genes over long timespans (4) and across many habitats (2, 7, 43). Because antibiotics and their decay products can impact microbial communities in complex manners ( e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Relative to the staggering diversity of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment (9, 23, 27, 47, 48), resistance in human pathogens is typically encoded by a much smaller pool of circulating resistance genotypes (10, 43, 49). The clinical resistome may be driven by the initial stochastic acquisition of resistance genes, followed by antibiotic-induced selection pressure for clonal expansion and subsequent diversification (50, 51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Tetracycline Destructases: A Novel Family of Tetracycline-Inactivating Enzymes

Forsberg¹,

Patel²,

Wencewicz³

et al. 2015

Chemistry & Biology

141

162

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Summary Enzymes capable of inactivating tetracycline are paradoxically rare compared with enzymes that inactivate other natural product antibiotics. We describe a family of flavoenzymes, previously unrecognizable as resistance genes, which are capable of degrading tetracycline antibiotics. From soil functional metagenomic selections, we discovered nine genes that confer high-level tetracycline resistance by enzymatic inactivation. We also demonstrate that a tenth enzyme, an uncharacterized homolog in the human pathogen Legionella longbeachae, similarly inactivates tetracycline. These enzymes catalyze the oxidation of tetracyclines in vitro both by known mechanisms and via previously undescribed activity. Tetracycline inactivation genes were identified in diverse soil types, encompass substantial sequence diversity, and are adjacent to genes implicated in horizontal gene transfer. Because tetracycline inactivation is scarcely observed in hospitals, these enzymes may fill an empty niche in pathogenic organisms, and should therefore be monitored for their dissemination potential into the clinic.

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“…The tet genes tet (A) and tet (C) are found in Gram‐negative bacteria and encode efflux pumps. Aquaculture settings have been suggested as environments with a high diversity of tet genes, perhaps due to the wide use of tetracyclines (including oxytetracycline) to treat fish diseases (Roberts, 2012). The gene tet (A) in particular has been reported in high prevalence associated with fish pathogens such as Aeromonas salmonicida (Casas et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Freshwater Trout Farms in a Watershed in Chile

et al. 2019

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Point sources such as wastewater treatment plants, terrestrial agriculture, and aquaculture may release antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into aquatic ecosystems. However, there is a lack of quantitative studies attributing environmental ARG abundance to specific sources. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of freshwater trout farms in the release and dissemination of ARGs into the environment. Sediment samples upstream and downstream from five rainbow trout farms were collected over time in southern Chile. A microfluidic quantitative polymerase chain reaction approach was used to quantify an ARG array covering different mechanisms of resistance, and data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear mixed regression models. Surveys were also conducted to obtain information about management practices, including antibiotic use, at the farms. Florfenicol and oxytetracycline were used at these farms, although at different rates. A total of 93 samples were analyzed. In the PCA, strB, sul1, sul2, qacG, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(W), and floR grouped together. A statistically significant increase in abundance of qacG, strB, sul1, and several tet genes was found downstream from the farms compared with upstream sites, and retention ponds had the highest ARG abundance at each site. Antibiotic resistance gene levels returned to baseline at an average distance of 132.7 m downstream from the farms. Although results from this study indicate an influence of trout farms on the presence of ARGs in the immediate environment, the extent of their contribution to ARG dissemination is unknown and deserves further investigation. Core Ideas Point sources contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) were quantified in river sediment samples. Freshwater trout farms in southern Chile increased ARG abundance in the watershed. The extent of the contribution of the trout farms on ARG dissemination is uncertain. Epidemiological methods are needed to attribute environmental AMR to specific point sources.

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Mechanisms of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance and Lessons Learned from Environmental Tetracycline‐Resistant Bacteria

Cited by 26 publications

References 97 publications

Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Among Bacteria Isolated from Sediments and Water of Carp Farms Located in a Polish Nature Reserve

Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Among Bacteria Isolated from Sediments and Water of Carp Farms Located in a Polish Nature Reserve

The Tetracycline Destructases: A Novel Family of Tetracycline-Inactivating Enzymes

Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Freshwater Trout Farms in a Watershed in Chile

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