Mechanisms of Axonal Damage and Repair after Central Nervous System Injury

Egawa, Naohiro; Lok, Josephine; Washida, Kazuo; Arai, Ken

doi:10.1007/s12975-016-0495-1

Cited by 53 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Several clinical studies reported that fiber tract integrity was significantly related to motor impairment in patients with stroke [5,6]. Moreover, a significant body of evidence supports the importance of axonal reorganization in recovery after stroke [7][8][9][10][11]. The interplay between growth factors and microvascular cells prompts axonal sprouting and facilitates functional recovery [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Transcriptome Changes in the Penumbra after Ischemic Stroke

Choi

Yun

Kim

et al. 2019

IJMS

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To investigate the changes in the expression of specific genes that occur during the acute-to-chronic post-stroke phase, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between naive cortical tissues and peri-infarct tissues at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after photothrombotic stroke. The profiles of DEGs were subjected to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and gene ontology analyses, followed by string analysis of the protein–protein interactions (PPI) of the products of these genes. We found 3771, 536, and 533 DEGs at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after stroke, respectively. A marked decrease in biological–process categories, such as brain development and memory, and a decrease in neurotransmitter synaptic and signaling pathways were observed 1 week after stroke. The PPI analysis showed the downregulation of Dlg4, Bdnf, Gria1, Rhoa, Mapk8, and glutamatergic receptors. An increase in biological–process categories, including cell population proliferation, cell adhesion, and inflammatory responses, was detected at 4 and 8 weeks post-stroke. The KEGG pathways of complement and coagulation cascades, phagosomes, antigen processing, and antigen presentation were also altered. CD44, C1, Fcgr2b, Spp1, and Cd74 occupied a prominent position in network analyses. These time-dependent changes in gene profiles reveal the unique pathophysiological characteristics of stroke and suggest new therapeutic targets for this disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential Transcriptome Changes in the Penumbra after Ischemic Stroke

Choi

Yun

Kim

et al. 2019

IJMS

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“…As a glycan epitope, HNK-1 is always associated with sulfoglucuronylglycolipids and glycoproteins. It has been confirmed that HNK-1 is widely found in the CNS and PNS and participates in various neural functions, including myelination, neurite outgrowth, and synaptic regeneration after nerve injury [145]. Absence of HNK-1 results in brain dysfunction such as defective synaptic plasticity and spatial learning [146,147].…”

Section: Human Natural Killer-1 (Hnk-1) Mimicking Natural Compoundmentioning

confidence: 98%

Glycan Mimetics from Natural Products: New Therapeutic Opportunities for Neurodegenerative Disease

et al. 2019

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Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) affect millions of people worldwide. Characterized by the functional loss and death of neurons, NDs lead to symptoms (dementia and seizures) that affect the daily lives of patients. In spite of extensive research into NDs, the number of approved drugs for their treatment remains limited. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new approaches for the prevention and treatment of NDs. Glycans (carbohydrate chains) are ubiquitous, abundant, and structural complex natural biopolymers. Glycans often covalently attach to proteins and lipids to regulate cellular recognition, adhesion, and signaling. The importance of glycans in both the developing and mature nervous system is well characterized. Moreover, glycan dysregulation has been observed in NDs such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Therefore, glycans are promising but underexploited therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of glycans in NDs. We also discuss a number of natural products that functionally mimic glycans to protect neurons, which therefore represent promising new therapeutic approaches for patients with NDs.

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“…The ability of a CNS neuron to regenerate following injury may be dependent on both its intrinsic growth capacity and the extracellular environment enriched by the cell-cell network [5][6][7]44]. In this section, the intrinsic mechanisms of neuronal axon regeneration will be discussed.…”

Section: Effects Of Co On Neuronal Intrinsic Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regenerative Potential of Carbon Monoxide in Adult Neural Circuits of the Central Nervous System

Jung

Koh

Yoo

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Regeneration of adult neural circuits after an injury is limited in the central nervous system (CNS). Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that produces HO metabolites, such as carbon monoxide (CO), biliverdin and iron by heme degradation. CO may act as a biological signal transduction effector in CNS regeneration by stimulating neuronal intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms as well as mitochondrial biogenesis. CO may give directions by which the injured neurovascular system switches into regeneration mode by stimulating endogenous neural stem cells and endothelial cells to produce neurons and vessels capable of replacing injured neurons and vessels in the CNS. The present review discusses the regenerative potential of CO in acute and chronic neuroinflammatory diseases of the CNS, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease and the role of signaling pathways and neurotrophic factors. CO-mediated facilitation of cellular communications may boost regeneration, consequently forming functional adult neural circuits in CNS injury.

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Mechanisms of Axonal Damage and Repair after Central Nervous System Injury

Cited by 53 publications

References 61 publications

Sequential Transcriptome Changes in the Penumbra after Ischemic Stroke

Sequential Transcriptome Changes in the Penumbra after Ischemic Stroke

Glycan Mimetics from Natural Products: New Therapeutic Opportunities for Neurodegenerative Disease

Regenerative Potential of Carbon Monoxide in Adult Neural Circuits of the Central Nervous System

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