Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy and allergen tolerance

Küçüksezer, Umut Can; Özdemir, Cevdet; Cevhertas, Lacin; Öğülür, İsmail; Akdiş, Mübeccel

doi:10.1016/j.alit.2020.08.002

Cited by 100 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 178 publications

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“…Respiratory allergic disorders including asthma and AR are common chronic diseases of childhood 10,11 . The long‐term management and control of allergic diseases can be maintained by allergen avoidance measures, pharmacotherapy, and allergen‐specific immunotherapy 12,13 . Despite these strategies, the disease control can be disrupted by incompliance with medications, exposure to allergens and irritants, infectious triggers, pollution, and emotional stress 2,14,15 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Stay at home’: Is it good or not for house dust mite sensitized children with respiratory allergies?

Yücel

Süleyman

Demirkale

et al. 2021

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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Background Lockdown was imposed for children for 75 days in Turkey to limit the spread of COVID‐19. During this period, children have to stay indoors, which might probably increase their exposures to indoor allergens and pollutants. Besides, reduced exposures to respiratory tract infections and outdoor pollutants might be favorable outcomes of this lockdown period. We evaluated the effects of the lockdown on house dust mite (HDM)–sensitized children with respiratory allergies. Methods Three‐month clinical and medication data of 165 mild‐moderate asthmatic children with or without allergic rhinitis (AR), who were grouped according to their HDM sensitization status, were retrieved from patient records. Demographics, asthma control tests, nasal visual analog scores, and outdoor air quality monitoring data were used for assessments in comparisons with the same period in the previous year. Results Eighty‐four patients had asthma, and 81 patients had asthma with AR. Sensitization to HDM was present in 61.8% of the children. Patients experienced reduced numbers of upper respiratory tract infections (P = .008) and reduced asthma exacerbations (P < .001) compared with the same period in the previous year. Asthma control tests were significantly improved (P < .001), and cumulative inhaled corticosteroid usages were significantly reduced (P < .001). Noteworthily, nasal symptoms were significantly worsened in HDM‐sensitized asthmatics with AR (P < .001). Conclusions This study highlighted that reduction in respiratory tract infections and outdoor pollution may play roles in asthma control and prevent exacerbations despite continuous indoor allergen exposure. Besides, worsening of nasal symptoms in HDM‐sensitized asthmatics with AR implies the importance of indoor avoidance measures for AR control.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Stay at home’: Is it good or not for house dust mite sensitized children with respiratory allergies?

Yücel

Süleyman

Demirkale

et al. 2021

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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“…A defect in tolerance could end up with autoimmune and auto-inflammatory reactions and allergic reactions, while deficient immunity could lead to immune deficiencies and cancer development. Immune tolerance is an active state of immune response with underlying mechanisms which are maintained by a complex network of regulatory cells and cytokines ( 38 , 123 ).…”

Section: Natural Killer Maturation Phenotypes Distribution and Funcmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases

et al. 2021

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Natural killer (NK) cells, the large granular lymphocytes differentiated from the common lymphoid progenitors, were discovered in early 1970’s. They are members of innate immunity and were initially defined by their strong cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells and by their important effector functions in anti-tumoral immune responses. Nowadays, NK cells are classified among the recently discovered innate lymphoid cell subsets and have capacity to influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, they can be considered as innate immune cells that stands between the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. NK cells don’t express T or B cell receptors and are recognized by absence of CD3. There are two major subgroups of NK cells according to their differential expression of CD16 and CD56. While CD16+CD56dim subset is best-known by their cytotoxic functions, CD16-CD56bright NK cell subset produces a bunch of cytokines comparable to CD4+ T helper cell subsets. Another subset of NK cells with production of interleukin (IL)-10 was named as NK regulatory cells, which has suppressive properties and could take part in immune-regulatory responses. Activation of NK cells is determined by a delicate balance of cell-surface receptors that have either activating or inhibitory properties. On the other hand, a variety of cytokines including IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 influence NK cell activity. NK-derived cytokines and their cytotoxic functions through induction of apoptosis take part in regulation of the immune responses and could contribute to the pathogenesis of many immune mediated diseases including ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet’s disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus and type-1 diabetes. Dysregulation of NK cells in autoimmune disorders may occur through multiple mechanisms. Thanks to the rapid developments in biotechnology, progressive research in immunology enables better characterization of cells and their delicate roles in the complex network of immunity. As NK cells stand in between innate and adaptive arms of immunity and “bridge” them, their contribution in inflammation and immune regulation deserves intense investigations. Better understanding of NK-cell biology and their contribution in both exacerbation and regulation of inflammatory disorders is a requisite for possible utilization of these multi-faceted cells in novel therapeutic interventions.

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“…Indeed, IgG has been shown to inhibit IgE‐mediated mast cell and basophil activation through two mechanisms: antigen interception (competition with IgE epitopes), and cross‐linking of FcεRI with the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB [107]. Oral immunotherapy (OIT), which is used to desensitize food allergic subjects, increases levels of food‐specific IgG [108, 109]. It has thus been suggested that such IgG (and especially IgG4 that has low affinity for activating FcγRs [110]) can participate in the protective effects conferred by OIT [108, 109].…”

Section: Role Of Ige In Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis: Lessons From Momentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oral immunotherapy (OIT), which is used to desensitize food allergic subjects, increases levels of food‐specific IgG [108, 109]. It has thus been suggested that such IgG (and especially IgG4 that has low affinity for activating FcγRs [110]) can participate in the protective effects conferred by OIT [108, 109]. Indeed, IgG from food allergic subjects desensitized by OIT can block mast cell and basophil activation ex vivo [95, 111].…”

Section: Role Of Ige In Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis: Lessons From Momentioning

confidence: 99%

IgE in the pathophysiology and therapy of food allergy

et al. 2021

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Food allergy is becoming a major public health issue, with no regulatory approved therapy to date. Food allergy symptoms range from skin rash and gastrointestinal symptoms to anaphylaxis, a potentially fatal systemic allergic shock reaction. IgE antibodies are thought to contribute importantly to key features of food allergy and anaphylaxis, and measurement of allergen‐specific IgE is fundamental in diagnosing food allergy. This review will discuss recent advances in the regulation of IgE production and IgE repertoires in food allergy. We will describe the current understanding of the role of IgE and its high‐affinity receptor FcεRI in food allergy and anaphylaxis, by reviewing insights gained from analyses of mouse models. Finally, we will review data derived from clinical studies of the effect of anti‐IgE therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in food allergy, and recent insight on the efficiency and mechanisms through which these mAbs block IgE effector functions.

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Mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy and allergen tolerance

Cited by 100 publications

References 178 publications

‘Stay at home’: Is it good or not for house dust mite sensitized children with respiratory allergies?

‘Stay at home’: Is it good or not for house dust mite sensitized children with respiratory allergies?

The Role of Natural Killer Cells in Autoimmune Diseases

IgE in the pathophysiology and therapy of food allergy

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