Mechanisms of Adhesion to Clays, with Reference to Soil Systems

Stotzky, G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6514-7_8

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…If pore clogging or sealing due to the liquid manure occurred similarly to that in the repacked cores this could only be true for the smaller pores within the matrix while the larger pores would have remained unobstructed. Furthermore, the increase in K sat suggests that stability of the larger pores may have been enhanced by the increased ionic strength of the pore solution, which could have caused shrinkage of the diffuse electrical double layer at the surface of charged particles, such as clays (Stotzky 1985). Under field conditions, if the matrix flow is restricted by seal formation or clogging of smaller pores the amount of incoming rain or irrigation water can overwhelm the transport capacity of the available macropores leading to ponding or surface runoff.…”

Section: Manure Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of organic waste amendments on soil hydraulic properties and on water partitioning

Unc¹,

Goss²

2006

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

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Land application of organic wastes can lead to contamination of ground-and surface waters. The pathway taken by particulate contaminants, such as microorganisms, is entirely dependent on the partitioning of the incoming rain or irrigation water. The soil hydraulic properties are critical in determining the infiltration:runoff water-partitioning ratio. Components of the land applied organic waste can modify the soil hydraulic properties and thus alter this ratio. It was shown that liquid manure impacted matrix and macropore flow differently; favouring the later through obstruction of the former. In contrast solid manure favoured matrix flow over macropore flow thereby increasing the water storage in soil, which tended to reduce the likelihood of runoff. The relationships between soil hydraulic conductivity and soil textural and structural properties in repacked soil columns was unrelated to the relationships obtained for the same soils maintained in their natural undisturbed field state.Key words: organic waste, manure, soil type, hydraulic conductivity, water partitioning, transport, contaminants.Résumé : Le dépôt de déchets organiques sur le sol peut mener à la contamination des eaux de surface et souterraines. Le chemin pris par les contaminants particulaires, tels que les micro-organismes, dépend entièrement du partage des eaux de pluie et d'irrigation. Les propriétés hydrauliques du sol déterminent essentiellement le rapport de partage infiltration:ruissellement de l'eau. Les composantes des déchets organiques déposés sur le sol peuvent modifier les propriétés hydrauliques du sol et, ainsi, affecter ce rapport. Il a été démontré que le fumier/lisier liquide a un impact différent sur l'écoulement à travers la matrice et les micropores, favorisant ces dernières par l'obstruction de la matrice. À l'opposé, le fumier/lisier solide favorise l'écoulement à travers la matrice par rapport à celui dans les macropores, augmentant ainsi le stockage de l'eau dans le sol, ce qui tend à réduire la probabilité de ruissellement. Les relations entre la conductivité hydraulique du sol et les propriétés texturales et structurales du sol dans des colonnes de sol recompacté n'étaient pas reliées aux relations obtenues pour les mêmes sols maintenus dans leur état naturel non perturbé sur le terrain.

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Section: Manure Impactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of organic waste amendments on soil hydraulic properties and on water partitioning

Unc¹,

Goss²

2006

Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science

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“…The spatial distribution of microorganisms in soil (200) and the need to overcome a range of microbe-soil interactions (426) are serious limitations to quantitatively and representatively sampling soil microorganisms (352). Procedures used to promote the dissociation of microorganisms from particulate matter include the use of buffered diluents (348), chelating agents (300), elutriation (219), mild ultrasonication (379), and repeated homogenization of soil in several buffers followed by separation of extract from residue (122); these procedures address the problems outlined above to varying degrees.…”

Section: Selective Isolation and Characterization Of Novel Microorganmentioning

confidence: 99%

Search and Discovery Strategies for Biotechnology: the Paradigm Shift

Bull

Ward

Goodfellow

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

418

250

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SUMMARY Profound changes are occurring in the strategies that biotechnology-based industries are deploying in the search for exploitable biology and to discover new products and develop new or improved processes. The advances that have been made in the past decade in areas such as combinatorial chemistry, combinatorial biosynthesis, metabolic pathway engineering, gene shuffling, and directed evolution of proteins have caused some companies to consider withdrawing from natural product screening. In this review we examine the paradigm shift from traditional biology to bioinformatics that is revolutionizing exploitable biology. We conclude that the reinvigorated means of detecting novel organisms, novel chemical structures, and novel biocatalytic activities will ensure that natural products will continue to be a primary resource for biotechnology. The paradigm shift has been driven by a convergence of complementary technologies, exemplified by DNA sequencing and amplification, genome sequencing and annotation, proteome analysis, and phenotypic inventorying, resulting in the establishment of huge databases that can be mined in order to generate useful knowledge such as the identity and characterization of organisms and the identity of biotechnology targets. Concurrently there have been major advances in understanding the extent of microbial diversity, how uncultured organisms might be grown, and how expression of the metabolic potential of microorganisms can be maximized. The integration of information from complementary databases presents a significant challenge. Such integration should facilitate answers to complex questions involving sequence, biochemical, physiological, taxonomic, and ecological information of the sort posed in exploitable biology. The paradigm shift which we discuss is not absolute in the sense that it will replace established microbiology; rather, it reinforces our view that innovative microbiology is essential for releasing the potential of microbial diversity for biotechnology penetration throughout industry. Various of these issues are considered with reference to deep-sea microbiology and biotechnology.

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“…It is difficult to obtain a representative sample of a bacterial population from solid substrates such as soil or freshwater sediment. Problems arise due to the spatial distribution of the micro-organisms in soil and the strong associations they form with particulate matter (Stotzky, 1985). To obtain viable cells, the soil sample can be converted into a suspension, agitated by vortexing or sonication and the supernatant spread on to solid media to obtain single colonies.…”

Section: Sampling Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%