Mechanisms in Manic-Depressive Disorder

Gardner, Russell

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290120066013

Cited by 100 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…If they did finally yield, this signaled to the dominant figure that the person was no longer a threat, ended the conflict, and resolved the depression. 43 This theory suggests a possible role for high as well as low mood in negotiating hierarchies 44 and is supported by clinical evidence of episodes of depression precipitated by social competition and resolved by reconciliation. 20, 45 Hartung 46 has suggested a variation in which selfdeception about one's abilities ("deceiving down") lulls superiors into thinking one is no threat.…”

Section: Possible Functions Of Low Mood and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Is Depression an Adaptation?

Nesse

2000

Arch Gen Psychiatry

718

395

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any functions have been suggested for low mood or depression, including communicating a need for help, signaling yielding in a hierarchy conflict, fostering disengagement from commitments to unreachable goals, and regulating patterns of investment. A more comprehensive evolutionary explanation may emerge from attempts to identify how the characteristics of low mood increase an organism's ability to cope with the adaptive challenges characteristic of unpropitious situations in which effort to pursue a major goal will likely result in danger, loss, bodily damage, or wasted effort. In such situations, pessimism and lack of motivation may give a fitness advantage by inhibiting certain actions, especially futile or dangerous challenges to dominant figures, actions in the absence of a crucial resource or a viable plan, efforts that would damage the body, and actions that would disrupt a currently unsatisfactory major life enterprise when it might recover or the alternative is likely to be even worse. These hypotheses are consistent with considerable evidence and suggest specific tests.

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Section: Possible Functions Of Low Mood and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Is Depression an Adaptation?

Nesse

2000

Arch Gen Psychiatry

718

395

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“…These models assume specific mechanisms of depression and antidepressant drug action. Environmental models include the chronic mild stress model [2]; learned helplessness [9]; forced swim test [10]; formation of social hierarchy [11][12][13][14][15], and separation of infants from mothers [16]. Environmental manipulations used to produce depression-like symptoms in animals do not assume a predetermined neurobiological mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of Submissive Behavior in Rats: A Test for Antidepressant Drug Activity

et al. 2001

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Randomly paired rats were food deprived overnight and placed in an apparatus compelling them to compete for a food reward. About half of these pairs developed a dominant-submissive relationship measured as a significant difference in time spent on the feeder by each rat. This relationship developed over a 2-week period and remained stable for at least the next 5 weeks. Treatment of the submissive subjects, for at least 2 weeks, with imipramine, desipramine, or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced submissive behavior. The effect faded after cessation of treatment with desipramine. Fluoxetine was further tested at 2.5- and 5-mg/kg doses and showed a dose-dependent reduction of submissive behavior. Treatment of submissive rats with the anxiolytic diazepam (1 mg/kg) was ineffective. The prevalence of dominant-submissive relationships and the effect of desipramine and imipramine on submissive behavior were gender independent. The predictive, face, and construct validity of the behavioral test is discussed.

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“…For example, it has been suggested that traits associated with bipolar disorder and psychosis may provide fitness advantages in terms of sexual selection, mating success, or social skills, particularly in certain niches [144,161,162,163,164,165,166]. Some have suggested that affective temperaments provide favorable evolutionary properties that serve to maintain bipolar risk alleles in the population [45,46,167].…”

Section: Bipolar Disorder and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Traits in the Bipolar Spectrum: The Space between Madness and Genius

Greenwood¹

2016

Complex Psychiatry

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Bipolar disorder is a severe, lifelong mood disorder for which little is currently understood of the genetic mechanisms underlying risk. By examining related dimensional phenotypes, we may further our understanding of the disorder. Creativity has a historical connection with the bipolar spectrum and is particularly enhanced among unaffected first-degree relatives and those with bipolar spectrum traits. This suggests that some aspects of the bipolar spectrum may confer advantages, while more severe expressions of symptoms negatively influence creative accomplishment. Creativity is a complex, multidimensional construct with both cognitive and affective components, many of which appear to reflect a shared genetic vulnerability with bipolar disorder. It is suggested that a subset of bipolar risk variants confer advantages as positive traits according to an inverted-U-shaped curve with clinically unaffected allele carriers benefitting from the positive traits and serving to maintain the risk alleles in the population. The association of risk genes with creativity in healthy individuals (e.g., NRG1), as well as an overall sharing of common genetic variation between bipolar patients and creative individuals, provides support for this model. Current findings are summarized from a multidisciplinary perspective to demonstrate the feasibility of research in this area to reveal the mechanisms underlying illness.

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Mechanisms in Manic-Depressive Disorder

Cited by 100 publications

References 29 publications

Is Depression an Adaptation?

Is Depression an Adaptation?

Reduction of Submissive Behavior in Rats: A Test for Antidepressant Drug Activity

Positive Traits in the Bipolar Spectrum: The Space between Madness and Genius

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