Mechanisms and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disorder characterized by abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and elevated fasting blood glucose levels. The diagnostic criteria for MetS in adults are well-established, but there is currently no consensus on the definition in children and adolescents. The etiology of MetS is believed to involve a complex interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. While genetic predisposition explains only a small part of MetS pathogenesis, modifiable environmental risk factors play a significant role. Factors such as maternal weight during pregnancy, children’s lifestyle, sedentariness, high-fat diet, fructose and branched-chain amino acid consumption, vitamin D deficiency, and sleep disturbances contribute to the development of MetS. Early identification and treatment of MetS in children and adolescents is crucial to prevent the development of chronic diseases later in life. In this review we discuss the latest research on factors contributing to the pathogenesis of MetS in children, focusing on non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, including genetics, dysbiosis and chronic low-grade inflammation.

Dietary intake, obesity, and metabolic risk factors among children and adolescents in the SEACO-CH20 cross-sectional study

“…Recent local studies have highlighted poor dietary practices and patterns among Malaysian children and adolescents, which have been linked to a poor quality of life [51][52][53] . Moreover, unhealthy dietary habits established at a young age are associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases and poor quality of life [52][53][54][55][56] . These age-, sex-and ethnic-specific variations in our SEACO-CH20 study highlight the importance of tailoring nutritional interventions to address the unique dietary preferences and cultural contexts of different ethnic communities.…”

Complete Blood Count-Derived Inflammation Indexes Are Useful in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity

“…Currently, there is a growing interest in assessing the potential significance of hematological pro-inflammatory markers for diagnosing and predicting various chronic conditions [62,63].…”

Tinjauan Pustaka: Sindrom Metabolik

“…Gangguan tidur, seperti kurang tidur, kualitas tidur yang buruk, insomnia, dan sleep apnea obstruktif, merangsang produksi kortisol oleh korteks adrenal, memicu peningkatan asupan kalori dan penumpukan lemak pada anak-anak (Codazzi, Frontino, Galimberti, Giustina, & Petrelli, 2023). Data terkini menunjukkan bahwa sleep apnea berhubungan secara independen dengan faktor risiko kardiovaskular, termasuk sindrom metabolik, hipertensi, resistensi insulin, toleransi glukosa terganggu, dan dislipidemia (Nilsson et al, 2019).…”

“…Obesitas abdominal, yang sering ditunjukkan oleh lingkar pinggang yang besar, dan penimbunan lemak di organ hati, pankreas, dan otot rangka tampaknya memiliki dampak yang signifikan. Menurut Codazzi et al (2023), obesitas dan resistensi insulin saling terkait erat dalam patogenesis sindrom metabolik (Sindrom metabolik). Obesitas tanpa resistensi insulin tidak dapat menyebabkan sindrom metabolik.…”