Mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of pre- and probiotics

Abstract

The human body is exposed to many xenobiotic, potentially harmful compounds. The intestinal immune system is crucial in protecting the human body from these substances. Moreover, many microorganisms, residing in the gastrointestinal tract, play an important role in modulating immune responses. Pre- and probiotics may have beneficial effects on the microbial composition and activity within the human gut, subsequently affecting the immune system. Prebiotics can exert their effects via different mechanisms, like selectively stimulating the growth of bacteria by providing substrates or via direct immune stimulation. Probiotics may have beneficial health effects via competition with pathogens for substrates and binding intestinal sites, bioconversions of for example sugars into fermentation products with inhibitory properties, production of growth substrates like vitamins for the host, direct antagonism of pathogens via antimicrobial peptide production, reduction of inflammation and stimulation of immune cells. This review focuses on the different mechanisms via which the pre- and probiotics exert their beneficial effects on the host, addressing their immunomodulatory properties in particular.

Gut Microbiota and Diarrhea: An Updated Review

“…Firstly, probiotics have been widely considered to maintain gut microbial hemostasis and a healthy gut microbiota community predicate a low incidence of diarrhea. In addition, probiotics can produce organic acids in the metabolic process and lower the pH of the gut cavity, thereby inhibiting the growth of pathogens (Peters et al, 2019). Secondly, probiotic strains serve as a key activator for the gut innate and adaptive immune systems, thereby signaling antimicrobial and inflammatory responses and enhancing the diarrheal resistance (Kawashima et al, 2018).…”

Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum CQPC04 on Lipid Reduction in C57BL/6J Mice

“…They can promote growth, regulate normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract, and maintain micro-ecological balance, thereby improving gastrointestinal functions, food digestibility, biological potency, and body immunity. Lactic acid bacteria with probiotic functions can also reduce serum cholesterol, control endotoxins, and inhibit the growth of spoilage bacteria in the intestinal tract ( Brooks and Kalmokoff, 2012 ; Boumis et al, 2018 ; Peters et al, 2019 ; Santacroce et al, 2019 ). Researchers have discovered hundreds of microorganisms in the intestines of healthy people.…”

Microbiological synthesis optimization of probiotic microorganismsLactobacillus plantarumusing combined nutrient media based on AIC secondary raw materials

“…Due to the introduction of the ban on the use of antibiotics in feed, the role of probiotic supplements has significantly increased [12]. Probiotics have a useful effect on the host animal by improving its microbiome by inhibiting the development of pathogens due to competition for substrates [7,9,14]. Probiotic supplements can not only improve the functions of natural animal microflora of highly productive breeds, but become an additional source of amino acids and vitamins, improving the quality of the final products.…”