Mechanisms and Evolution of Virulence in Oomycetes

Jiang, Rays H. Y.; Tyler, Brett M.

doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-081211-172912

Cited by 183 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 125 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

161

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Many effector genes are strain specific: Only 45 of the 550 predicted RXLR effector genes have intact coding sequences and are induced in planta in all examined strains (Cooke et al 2012). In the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae, 10% -15% of RXLR effectors are highly expressed during infection (Jiang and Tyler 2012). This suggests that the majority of the RXLR effectors of P. infestans and P. sojae are dispensable and possibly encode redundant functions.…”

Section: Effector-targeted Pathways: Functional Redundancy Among Pathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Win

Chaparro-Garcia

Belhaj

et al. 2012

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

349

329

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the biology of plants. The field of plant-biotic interactions has recently coalesced around an integrated model. Major classes of molecular players both from plants and their associated organisms have been revealed. These include cell surface and intracellular immune receptors of plants as well as apoplastic and host-cell-translocated (cytoplasmic) effectors of the invading organism. This article focuses on effectors, molecules secreted by plant-associated organisms that alter plant processes. Effectors have emerged as a central class of molecules in our integrated view of plant-microbe interactions. Their study has significantly contributed to advancing our knowledge of plant hormones, plant development, plant receptors, and epigenetics. Many pathogen effectors are extraordinary examples of biological innovation; they include some of the most remarkable proteins known to function inside plant cells. Here, we review some of the key concepts that have emerged from the study of the effectors of plant-associated organisms. In particular, we focus on how effectors function in plant tissues and discuss future perspectives in the field of effector biology.

show abstract

Section: Effector-targeted Pathways: Functional Redundancy Among Pathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Win

Chaparro-Garcia

Belhaj

et al. 2012

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

349

329

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several genes occupy the gene-sparse, repeat-rich regions of P. infestans and are involved in epigenetic processes that result in transcriptional or post-transcriptional modification of gene expression without the alteration of DNA sequence (Haas et al 2009;Jiang and Tyler 2012;Raffaele et al 2010a;Slotkin and Martienssen 2007). Small RNA, DNA methylation, and histone modulation can limit gene expression at a target locus or promoter.…”

Section: Genomic Analysis Of Phytophthora Infestansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small RNA, DNA methylation, and histone modulation can limit gene expression at a target locus or promoter. This may contribute in part to genome plasticity in P. infestans by regulating transposon activity and rapid gene expression changes for various characteristics such as host adaptation in lineages (Haas et al 2009;Jiang and Tyler 2012;Raffaele et al 2010b).…”

Section: Genomic Analysis Of Phytophthora Infestansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apoplastic effectors act in the apoplast space, where they interfere with host defenses. They include inhibitors which act against plant-derived hydrolytic enzymes (protease, lipases, and glucanases) and necrotizing toxins (such as the NLPs proteins and PcF-like cysteine rich inhibitors EPI1 and EPI10 and cysteine protease inhibitors EPIC1 and EPIC2b) (Dong et al 2014;Haas et al 2009;Jiang and Tyler 2012;Schornack et al 2009). Cytoplasmic effectors, namely the RXLR and CRN, are characterized by N-terminal signal peptides with conserved motifs that are required for host translocation followed by a highly diverse C-terminal domain that confers effector biochemical activity Win et al 2007).…”

Section: Genomic Analysis Of Phytophthora Infestansmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolution and Management of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Phytophthora Infestans in Canada and the United States

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is the most historically significant and economically destructive disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). In addition to potato, P. infestans can also infect tomato and some other members of the Solanaceae, and this has contributed to the recent late blight epidemic in Canada and the United States. Propagation of P. infestans in Canada and the United States has been mainly through asexual reproduction and this has led to the development of several dominant clonal lineages. Various P. infestans markers have been developed that are invaluable in monitoring the evolution and movement of these P. infestans genotypes. Population diversity and disease incidence has increased through the development of systemic fungicide insensitivity and the transcontinental shipment of the pathogen on late blight infected potato tubers and tomato plantlets. Introduction of the P. infestans A2 mating type to several regions of Canada and the United States has also increased the opportunity for sexual reproduction and recombination, potentially contributing to greater P. infestans genetic diversity and pathogenicity. Advances in P. infestans molecular analysis have revealed a complex pathogen with a genome capable of evolving relatively quickly. Management of late blight will therefore require new, multifaceted strategies which include monitoring pathogen evolution and implementing sustainable production practices.Resumen El tizón tardío, causado por Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, es la enfermedad históricamente más significativa y económicamente destructiva de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.). Además de la papa, P. infestans también puede infectar tomate y a otros miembros de la familia Solanaceae, y esto ha contribuido a la reciente epidemia de tizón tardío en Canadá y los Estados Unidos. La propagación de P.infestans en estos dos países ha sido principalmente mediante reproducción asexual, lo que ha conducido al desarrollo de varias líneas clonales dominantes. Se han desarrollado varios marcadores para P. infestans que son invaluables en el seguimiento de la evolución y movimiento de estos genotipos de P. infestans. La diversidad de la población y la incidencia de la enfermedad han aumentado por vía del desarrollo de la insensibilidad a fungicidas sistémicos y del envío transcontinental del patógeno en tubérculos de papa infectados con tizón tardío y en plántulas de tomate. La introducción del tipo de compatibilidad A2 de P. infestans a varias regiones de Canadá y Estados Unidos también ha incrementado la oportunidad de reproducción sexual y recombinación, contribuyendo, potencialmente, a una mayor diversidad genética y patogenicidad de P. infestans. Avances en los análisis moleculares de P. infestans han revelado a un patógeno complejo con un genomio capaz de evolucionar relativamente rápido. El manejo del tizón tardío, entonces, requerirá de nuevas estrategias multifacéticas que incluyan monitoreo de la evolución del patógeno y la implementación de prá...

show abstract

“…Once delivered into the host cell, the pathogen molecule functions in large part to abrogate host defenses and/or facilitate pathogen survival. While the mechanism(s) and targeting of host defenses by pathogen effectors has made significant strides over the past decade, one area of research whose mechanism remains largely undefined is the process of host entry (Jiang and Tyler 2012). In this regard, recent debate has challenged the role of the RXLR/PI3P-mediated effector entry, and specifically, has proposed the importance of a positively charged patch over the canonical RXLR (Ellis and Dodds 2011;Yaenoa et al 2011).…”

Section: Life Cycle and Infection Stagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genomics perspective on cucurbit-oomycete interactions

Burkhardt

Day

2013

Plant Biotechnology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pseudoperonospora cubensis and Phytophthora capsici are plant pathogenic oomycetes that are severe threats to cucurbit cultivation because of the their global distribution, their broad host range among the Cucurbitaceae family, and their ability to overcome susceptibilities to host, environment, and chemical management. Historically, these pathogens have been extensively studied in terms of their life cycles and infection strategies in order to determine appropriate methods to manage disease. In recent years, the genomes of both pathogens have been sequenced, which will lead to greater opportunities for pathogen detection and will help researchers to better understand the host-pathogen interaction. In Ps. cubensis, the transcriptomes of both Ps. cubensis and Cucumis sativus (cucumber) have been sequenced, and this data is being analyzed to determine the function of Ps. cubensis effectors and the role of alternative splicing in the regulation of pathogen gene expression. Previous and ongoing work is being done to determine cucumber genes involved in resistance. In P. capsici, effectors have been identified in the genome sequence, and the genome being used to identify variation in different P. capsici isolates. Future work is needed to give biological meaning to genomics data and to determine mechanisms of pathogenicity in oomycetes and resistance in cucurbits. Herein, we will present an overview of the current and future objectives of genome-based research in this area, describing the molecular mechanisms of pathogen virulence and host response to infection.

show abstract

Mechanisms and Evolution of Virulence in Oomycetes

Cited by 183 publications

References 125 publications

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Evolution and Management of the Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Phytophthora Infestans in Canada and the United States

A genomics perspective on cucurbit-oomycete interactions

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About