Mechanism of Wheat Leaf Rust Control Using Chitosan Nanoparticles and Salicylic Acid

Abstract

Wheat leaf rust is one of the world’s most widespread rusts. The progress of the disease was monitored using two treatments: chitosan nanoparticles and salicylic acid (SA), as well as three application methods; spraying before or after the inoculation by 24 h, and spraying both before and after the inoculation by 24 h. Urediniospore germination was significantly different between the two treatments. Wheat plants tested for latent and incubation periods, pustule size and receptivity and infection type showed significantly reduced leaf rust when compared to untreated plants. Puccinia triticina urediniospores showed abnormalities, collapse, lysis, and shrinkage as a result of chitosan nanoparticles treatment. The enzymes, peroxidase and catalase, were increased in the activities. In both treatments, superoxide (O2–) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were apparent as purple and brown discolorations. Chitosan nanoparticles and SA treatments resulted in much more discoloration and quantitative measurements than untreated plants. In anatomical examinations, chitosan nanoparticles enhanced thickness of blade (µ), thickness of mesophyll tissue, thickness of the lower and upper epidermis and bundle length and width in the midrib compared to the control. In the control treatment’s top epidermis, several sori and a large number of urediniospores were found. Most anatomical characters of flag leaves in control plants were reduced by biotic stress with P. triticina. Transcription levels of PR1-PR5 and PR10 genes were activated in chitosan nanoparticles treated plants at 0, 1 and 2 days after inoculation. In light of the data, we suggest that the prospective use of chitosan nanoparticles might be an eco-friendly strategy to improve growth and control of leaf rust disease.

ZnO Nanoparticle-Mediated Seed Priming Induces Biochemical and Antioxidant Changes in Chickpea to Alleviate Fusarium Wilt

“…Our findings revealed an overall increase in enzymatic activities. Similar results have also been reported by the application of chitosan nanoparticles in wheat [ 52 ]. The activation of defense enzymes such as PO, SOD, CAT, phenol, and flavonoids is known to boost host tolerance under biotic stress, particularly fungal stress [ 5 ].…”

“…ZnO NPs not only display disease suppression properties but also have the ability to increase the shelf life of vegetables and fruits [ 47 ]. ZnO NPs trigger the upregulation of potential antioxidant metabolism [ 52 ]. Our findings revealed an overall increase in enzymatic activities.…”

Nano-sulfides of Fe and Mn Efficiently Augmented the Growth, Antioxidant Defense System, and Metal Assimilation in Rice Seedlings

“…The increased antioxidant properties can enhance the fitness of seedlings and plants during post-priming germination . Similar results have also been reported by the application of chitosan NPs in wheat for the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes . Mahakham et al (2017) reported the stimulation of SOD and CAT enzymatic activity in seedlings by priming the seeds with green synthesized silver NPs .…”

Assessing the Effectiveness of Eco-Friendly Management Approaches for Controlling Wheat Yellow Rust and Their Impact on Antioxidant Enzymes

“…Another study by [ 52 ] found that the application of Salicylic acid reduced stripe rust severity in wheat plants as measured by AUDPC (area under production curve). Since defense genes were activated after salicylic acid treatments compared to controls [ 53 ], it was confirmed that the application of SA in wheat can activate PR-1 and PR-2 [ 14 ]. On the other hand, another study by [ 54 ] showed that Indole acetic acid treatment at 100 µgmL −1 reduced stripe rust infection and induced rust resistance in wheat cv.…”