Mechanism of thermal decomposition of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) from a review of decomposition studies

Patel, Parina; Hull, T. Richard; McCabe, Richard W.; Flath, Dianne; Grasmeder, John; Percy, Mike

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.01.024

Cited by 296 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…However it is feasible that it may provide some benefit in high temperature polymers such as polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Studies of the decomposition mechanisms [57] of this polymer show that it does not begin to decompose until 575°C. PEEK's melting point of 343°C makes both aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide unsuitable.…”

Section: Implications For the Suitability Of Mixtures Of Hydromagnesimentioning

confidence: 99%

The thermal decomposition of huntite and hydromagnesite—A review

2010

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Naturally occurring mixtures of hydromagnesite and huntite are important industrial minerals. Their endothermic decomposition over a specific temperature range, releasing water and carbon dioxide, has lead to such mixtures being successfully used as fire retardants, often replacing aluminium hydroxide or magnesium hydroxide. The current understanding of the structure and thermal decomposition mechanism of both minerals and their combination in natural mixtures is reviewed. The crystalline structure of both minerals has been fully characterised. The thermal decomposition of huntite has been characterised and is relatively simple. However, the thermal decomposition mechanism of hydromagnesite is sensitive to many factors including rate of heating and the composition of the atmosphere. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide significantly affects the decomposition mechanism of hydromagnesite causing magnesium carbonate to crystallise and decompose at a higher temperature instead of decomposing directly to magnesium oxide.Keywords: hydromagnesite, huntite, fire, flame, retardant, mineral This review critically examines the sometimes conflicting reports in the published literature. It draws together current knowledge of the structure and thermal decomposition of hydromagnesite and huntite, in order to provide an insight into the thermal behaviour of mixtures of these minerals and to optimise their selection and applications. Industrial use of Mineral Fillers as Fire Retardant AdditivesThe largest group of mineral fire retardants are metal hydroxides. Their endothermic decomposition and associated release of inert gasses or water vapour, above the processing temperature but below the thermal decomposition temperature of polymers suppresses the ignition, while the accumulation of a solid inert residue on the surface of the burning polymer reduces the heat release rate. Aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide are the most widely used [1]. Globally aluminium hydroxide is the highest tonnage fire retardant [2,3]. It decomposes according to the following reaction:The endothermic loss of water resulting from the thermal decomposition of ATH has been variously reported [3][4][5] between 1170 and 1300 Jg Magnesium hydroxide is used less widely than ATH. It decomposes through a similar endothermic mechanism to ATH, giving off water. Mg(OH) 2(s) → MgO (s) + H 2 O (g)The endotherm for this reaction is quoted at values between 1244 to 1450 Jg -1 by various authors [3,[5][6][7]. It starts to decompose at about 300 -330°C giving off water [5]. L.A. Hollingbery, T.R. Hull / Thermochimica Acta 509 (2010) 1-112 Although ATH and magnesium hydroxide are the most well known mineral fire retardants, Rothon [5] has identified a number of minerals (Table 1) that could be of potential benefit in polymers. Each decomposes endothermically with the evolution of either carbon dioxide, water or both. Of these minerals, hydromagnesite is the one that has probably seen most commercial interest. Hydromagnesite is naturally occurring...

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Section: Implications For the Suitability Of Mixtures Of Hydromagnesimentioning

confidence: 99%

The thermal decomposition of huntite and hydromagnesite—A review

2010

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“…This result indicates that HT-LS process significantly affects the thermal history of the PEEK material leading to earlier degradation than in the powdered samples. However, signs of decomposition products on PEEK have been reported to appear at 450 °C [42], while colour changes were noticed after exposure for prolonged time at 400 °C [43]. It is therefore not clear whether the EMR D shown in Figure 16 provides a good prediction of the beginning of thermal degradation phenomena in HT-LS, which occurs before the material reaches the highest tensile strength performance available through this manufacturing technique.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting processing parameters in high temperature laser sintering (HT-LS) from powder properties

2016

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New materials for Laser Sintering (LS) are usually developed using a trial and-error approach that consists of a series of builds within LS systems. This strategy is time consuming, costly and focuses only on the optimisation of the processing parameters, ignoring the powder properties of the materials under examination. Being able to predict processing parameters on the basis of the powder material properties would enable a faster development of new materials and new applications, while acknowledging a more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in LS. This paper provides new results into the prediction of processing conditions from the material properties. It is here shown that high temperature polymers such as Poly Ether Ether Ketone (PEEK) and Poly Aryl Ether Ketone (PEK) can be successfully used in LS despite the lack of a super-cooling window. The evaluation of the stable sintering region of PEEK 450PF and the application the energy melt ratio parameter in relation to the mechanical performance of laser sintered PEEK samples are also provided. Lastly, a new method for estimating the powder bed temperature is proposed.

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“…However, cleavage of the carbonyl bond will lead to radical intermediates that are more stable due to resonance effects and would be expected to predominate. In the second decomposition stage, occurs a slower volatilization of the residue, with about 46 to 50% of residue remaining in 900 °C [5,28] . Phase boundary controlled reaction (contracting volume)…”

Section: Nitrogen Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, it can be observed that the PEEK left a great amount of residue (~45%).This has also been observed by other authors and has been attributed to the loss of, mainly, phenols as decomposition products, although carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) have also been identified as evolving rapidly over this temperature range possibly as a by-product of the decomposition of PEEK to phenols. This is followed by a slower process of volatilisation of the residue, with over 45% still present even at 1000 °C [5] . Using the Equation 3, the log(β) vesus 1000/T was plotted for the conversion rates of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15%, and it is showed in Figure 3.…”

Section: Nitrogen Atmospherementioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of decomposition kinetics of poly (ether-ether-ketone) by thermogravimetric analysis

et al. 2013

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The non-isothermal thermogravimetric methods have been used extensively for the determination of kinetic parameters in polymers. The poly (ether ketones) are used as matrix in advanced high performance composites due its high thermal stability, excellent environmental performance and superior mechanical properties. In this work, the non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of the polymer poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK) was evaluated in nitrogen and synthetic air atmospheres, using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Coats Redfern models. The results showed that the necessary time for the material decomposes in 5% is approximately 216 years if it is submitted to temperatures of 350 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. On the other hand, if the material is submitted to air atmosphere, this decomposition time drops to about 1,05 years in the same temperature and for the same conversion rate. The decomposition kinetics study by Coats Redfern showed that the D3 mechanism (three-dimensional diffusion (Jander equation)) had better adjustment to the decomposition kinetics of the material in nitrogen atmosphere, while in synthetic air the R1 mechanism (phase boundary controlled reaction (one-dimensional movement)) has better adjustment to the decomposition kinetics of the material.

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Mechanism of thermal decomposition of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) from a review of decomposition studies

Cited by 296 publications

References 19 publications

The thermal decomposition of huntite and hydromagnesite—A review

The thermal decomposition of huntite and hydromagnesite—A review

Predicting processing parameters in high temperature laser sintering (HT-LS) from powder properties

Evaluation of decomposition kinetics of poly (ether-ether-ketone) by thermogravimetric analysis

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