Mechanism of potassium ion intercalation staging in few layered graphene from in situ Raman spectroscopy

Share, Keith; Cohn, Adam P.; Carter, Rachel; Pint, Cary L.

doi:10.1039/c6nr04084e

Cited by 200 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…[48][49][50][51] Most of these materials exhibit remarkable capacities, even in excess of the theoretical capacity of graphite. N-doped and F-doped graphenes are demonstrated to deliver close to 350 mA h g −1 .…”

Section: Other Carbon Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Kim

Bianchini

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

601

465

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and demand in terms of time and space. Thus, grid-level stationary energy storage systems (ESSs) play a key role in making renewable energies both effective and efficient and thereby shaping a more sustainable and environmental friendly society.Although different energy storage technologies including mechanical, electrical, chemical, and electrochemical systems have been proposed, [2,3] mechanical energy storage through pumped hydroelectricity currently dominates the market (≈95% of the installed capacity, ≈183 GW). [4] Electrochemical energy storage is also being considered as a promising option for ESSs based on its flexibility of deployment with little restriction on size and geographical location, low maintenance costs, large energy density, high round-trip efficiency, and long cycle life. [3,5,6] The market for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), originally commercialized for portable electronic devices (i.e., cell phones and laptops), is now expanding to electric vehicles (EVs) and gridlevel ESSs. However, it remains debatable whether the global Li reserves, ≈14 million tons, can meet the increasing demand for such large-scale applications. [7][8][9] The price of lithium carbonate, which is a primary precursor for LIBs, has been continuously increasing since 2000, [10] and this trend is likely to accelerate once the EV and ESS markets take off. Moreover, Li is geographically limited to specific regions: ≈86% of the Li reserves are located in Bolivia, Chile, China, Argentina, and Australia; [9] therefore, geopolitical issues may arise. A more pressing issue for Li-ion markets is the use of Co in all high-energy-density systems. With more than 50% of all mined Co destined for use in Li-ion technology, and a substantial fraction of that coming from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Li-ion growth may be hampered by the availability of Co. [11] As a less expensive alternative to LIBs, Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have been extensively studied. [6,[12][13][14] The relatively high standard redox potential of Na/Na + leads to a lower working voltage and thereby lower energy density than Li-ion. In addition, hard carbon, which is associated with a high production cost and low material's density, must be used as an anode in NIBs, as graphite, which is the standard anode for LIBs, cannot store Na ions. [15][16][17] Recently, K-ion batteries (KIBs) have emerged as another possible energy storage system. [18][19][20] It is notable that the abundance of K resources in the Earth's crust and oceans is similar to that of Na (Figure 1a). [21,22] The cost of potassium carbonate The development of rechargeable batteries using K ions as charge carriers has recently attracted considerable attention in the search for cost-effective and large-scale energy storage systems. In light of this trend, various materials for positive and negative electrodes are proposed and evaluated for application in K-ion batteries. Here, a comprehensive review of ongoing materials research on nonaqueous K-ion batteries is offered. Information on the status of ...

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Section: Other Carbon Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Kim

Bianchini

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

601

465

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“…Graphite intercalation is commonly performed through electrochemistry, with the GIC stage determined by the applied potential. 230 Holding (solid) SWCNT powder at sufficient potential in an appropriate solvent with sufficiently low electrolyte concentration (to mitigate screening effects, section 5) leads to spontaneous dissolution of the SWCNT ions. 63 Electrochemistry is currently the only known route to individualized nanotubium species with well-defined cationic SWCNTs ( Figure 13).…”

Section: Chemical Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

et al. 2018

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Since the discovery of buckminsterfullerene over 30 years ago, sp 2 -hybridised carbon nanomaterials (including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene) have stimulated new science and technology across a huge range of fields. Despite the impressive intrinsic properties, challenges in processing and chemical modification continue to hinder applications. Charged carbon nanomaterials (CCNs), formed via the reduction or oxidation of these carbon nanomaterials, facilitate dissolution, purification, separation, chemical modification, and assembly. This approach provides a compelling alternative to traditional damaging and restrictive liquid phase exfoliation routes. The broad chemistry of CCNs not only provides a versatile and potent means to modify the properties of the parent nanomaterial but also raises interesting scientific issues. This review focuses on the fundamental structural forms: buckminsterfullerene, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and single-layer graphene, describing the generation of their respective charged nanocarbon species, their interactions with solvents, chemical reactivity, specific (opto)electronic properties, and emerging applications. CONTENTS

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“…[7][8][9] In comparison to the natural abundance of lithium (20 ppm) in the Earth's crust, the abundances of Na (23 000 ppm) and K (17 000 ppm) seem infinite. [13][14][15][16][17] The advantages of KIBs are obvious: the abundant resource and the closer redox potential of K/K + (−2.93 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) to that of Li/Li + (−3.04 V) than that of Na/Na + (−2.71 V), implying their higher voltage plateau and energy density.Different K ion anode materials such as graphite, [13,18,19] nitrogen-doped graphene, [14,20] Prussian Blue, [21][22][23] and transition metal compound [24,25] have been Till last two years, the new concept of KIBs has begun to gain much more attention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different K ion anode materials such as graphite, [13,18,19] nitrogen-doped graphene, [14,20] Prussian Blue, [21][22][23] and transition metal compound [24,25] have been…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐Range Order in Mesoporous Carbon Boosts Potassium‐Ion Battery Performance

Wang

Zhou

Wang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

483

306

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storage, sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) are attracting more attention because of the abundant sodium resource. [7][8][9] In comparison to the natural abundance of lithium (20 ppm) in the Earth's crust, the abundances of Na (23 000 ppm) and K (17 000 ppm) seem infinite. [10][11][12] Unlike NIBs, really few researches are focused on potassium-ion batteries (KIBs) in a long-trem period. Till last two years, the new concept of KIBs has begun to gain much more attention. [13][14][15][16][17] The advantages of KIBs are obvious: the abundant resource and the closer redox potential of K/K + (−2.93 V vs standard hydrogen electrode) to that of Li/Li + (−3.04 V) than that of Na/Na + (−2.71 V), implying their higher voltage plateau and energy density.Different K ion anode materials such as graphite, [13,18,19] nitrogen-doped graphene, [14,20] Prussian Blue, [21][22][23] and transition metal compound [24,25] have been

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Mechanism of potassium ion intercalation staging in few layered graphene from in situ Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 200 publications

References 28 publications

Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Recent Progress and Perspective in Electrode Materials for K‐Ion Batteries

Charged Carbon Nanomaterials: Redox Chemistries of Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes, and Graphenes

Short‐Range Order in Mesoporous Carbon Boosts Potassium‐Ion Battery Performance

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