1986
DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04459.x
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Mechanism of postsegregational killing by the hok gene product of the parB system of plasmid R1 and its homology with the relF gene product of the E. coli relB operon.

Abstract: The parB region of plasmid R1 encodes two genes, hok and sok, which are required for the plasmid‐stabilizing activity exerted by parB. The hok gene encodes a potent cell‐killing factor, and it is regulated by the sok gene product such that cells losing a parB‐carrying plasmid during cell division are rapidly killed. Coinciding with death of the host cell, a characteristic change in morphology is observed. Here we show that the killing factor encoded by the hok gene is a membrane‐associated polypeptide of 52 am… Show more

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Cited by 269 publications
(205 citation statements)
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“…Previous work on biocontainment has largely focused on auxotrophic mutations or inducible lethality based on toxinantitoxin pairs in bacteria (18)(19)(20)(21). There is also recent work to reduce unintended plasmid propagation in bacteria (22).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Previous work on biocontainment has largely focused on auxotrophic mutations or inducible lethality based on toxinantitoxin pairs in bacteria (18)(19)(20)(21). There is also recent work to reduce unintended plasmid propagation in bacteria (22).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1A). Hok kills cells by damaging their membrane (20,21), and MazF had been involved in the induction of a similar phenotype in E. coli (35,36). Thus, we analyzed the permeability of cells in our samples to propidium iodide (PI; an indicator of cell membrane damage and cell death).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This may be the case in plasmid R1, which encodes TA pairs hok-sok (host killing-suppressor of killing) and kis(pemI)-kid (pemK) (19)(20)(21)(22)(23). Inconsistent with PSK, we had noticed that activation of toxin Kid occurred in cells that still contained R1, and that this happened when CNs were insufficient to ensure plasmid transmission to descendant cells.…”
Section: Significancementioning
confidence: 99%
“…In procaryotic cells, it has been shown that the product of the gef gene is anchored to the cell membrane, where it diminishes the membrane potential and leads to membrane leakiness, which in turn results in the efflux of cellular Mg 2 þ and the influx of periplasmic molecules (Gerdes et al, 1986). This mechanism induces morphological changes in cells, which subsequently undergo cell death (Ono et al, 1987).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%