Mechanism of osmoprotection by archaeal S-layers: A theoretical study

Engelhardt, Harald

doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2007.08.004

Cited by 59 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…A significantly higher area of expansion is observed for BLMs than for SsLMs whenever pressure is applied from the S-layer faced side. This experimental result supports the 'osmoprotecting effect' of the S-layer lattice, which was proposed 5 years later based on theoretical considerations to be one of the biological functions of S-layer lattices [88].…”

Section: Planar Lipid Membranessupporting

confidence: 84%

“…lytic enzymes), (iv) stabilization of the membrane, (v) provision of adhesion sites for exoproteins, and (vi) provision of a periplasmic compartment in Gram-positive prokaryotes together with the peptidoglycan and the cytoplasmic membranes [5,28,[87][88][89][90]. Interestingly, in the S-layer of Deinococcus radiodurans ion-gating properties of microbial S-layer protein arrays have also been determined [91].…”

Section: S-layer Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it was postulated by theoretical considerations that S-layers in archaea contribute to osmoprotection [88]. Hence, S-layers must therefore integrate the basic functions of mechanical and osmotic cell stabilization as these organisms dwell under extreme environmental conditions such as temperatures up to 1208C, pH down to zero, high hydrostatic pressure or high salt concentrations [64,179,180].…”

Section: The Biomimetic Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules

Schuster

Sleytr

2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Designing and utilization of biomimetic membrane systems generated by bottom-up processes is a rapidly growing scientific and engineering field. Elucidation of the supramolecular construction principle of archaeal cell envelopes composed of S-layer stabilized lipid membranes led to new strategies for generating highly stable functional lipid membranes at mesoand macroscopic scale. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art survey of how S-layer proteins, lipids and polymers may be used as basic building blocks for the assembly of S-layer-supported lipid membranes. These biomimetic membrane systems are distinguished by a nanopatterned fluidity, enhanced stability and longevity and, thus, provide a dedicated reconstitution matrix for membrane-active peptides and transmembrane proteins. Exciting areas in the (lab-on-a-) biochip technology are combining composite S-layer membrane systems involving specific membrane functions with the silicon world. Thus, it might become possible to create artificial noses or tongues, where many receptor proteins have to be exposed and read out simultaneously. Moreover, S-layer-coated liposomes and emulsomes copying virus envelopes constitute promising nanoformulations for the production of novel targeting, delivery, encapsulation and imaging systems.

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Section: Planar Lipid Membranessupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: S-layer Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Biomimetic Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules

Schuster

Sleytr

2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" cells is thus invested in synthesizing S-layer proteins, and it is therefore obvious to raise the question of which function the Slayer has for this anammox bacterium. Multiple functions for Slayers in prokaryotes have been proposed (65), including protection against predation (68,69), adhesion of cell-associated exoenzymes (70), osmoprotection (71), and maintaining cell shape and integrity (58,64). The latter function seems especially interesting in the case of anammox bacteria, since they are proposed to lack peptidoglycan and might therefore be in need of a structure that maintains cell shape and integrity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Addition to the Cell Plan of Anammox Bacteria: "Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" Has a Protein Surface Layer as the Outermost Layer of the Cell

Teeseling¹,

Almeida²,

Klingl³

et al. 2013

Journal of Bacteriology

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bAnammox bacteria perform anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and have a unique compartmentalized cell consisting of three membrane-bound compartments (from inside outwards): the anammoxosome, riboplasm, and paryphoplasm. The cell envelope of anammox bacteria has been proposed to deviate from typical bacterial cell envelopes by lacking both peptidoglycan and a typical outer membrane. However, the composition of the anammox cell envelope is presently unknown. Here, we investigated the outermost layer of the anammox cell and identified a proteinaceous surface layer (S-layer) (a crystalline array of protein subunits) as the outermost component of the cell envelope of the anammox bacterium "Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis." This is the first description of an S-layer in the phylum of the Planctomycetes and a new addition to the cell plan of anammox bacteria. This S-layer showed hexagonal symmetry with a unit cell consisting of six protein subunits. The enrichment of the S-layer from the cell led to a 160-kDa candidate protein, Kustd1514, which has no homology to any known protein. This protein is present in a glycosylated form. Antibodies were generated against the glycoprotein and used for immunogold localization. The antiserum localized Kustd1514 to the S-layer and thus verified that this protein forms the "Ca. Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" S-layer.

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“…Archaeal cells are coated with a protein outer layer (S-layer), which is anchored to the lipid membrane (Engelhardt 2007). Not all cell membrane lipids are attached to the protein layer (Engelhardt 2007), and that makes it possible to obtain some of the intact lipids. Traditional studies may allow identification of the types of lipids present, but that does not represent a quantitative extraction of the intact lipid pool.…”

Section: Coordinatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of extraction methods for quantitative analysis of core and intact polar glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in environmental samples

Huguet¹,

Martens‐Habbena²,

Urakawa³

et al. 2010

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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Archaeal membranes are composed of core lipids called glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) that contain polar head groups (intact GDGTs) in living cells. The reliability of Archaeal membrane lipids in studies of paleogeochemistry, population distributions, and physiological state depend on efficient extraction and detection of these lipids. We compare existing methods for extraction of core and intact GDGTs so that they can be used as quantitative indicators of living archaeal biomass. We used an active culture of the marine archaeon, Nitrosopumilus maritimus, to document limitations of methods in current use and as a reference for methodological improvement. We found that all extractable GDGTs in the culture were intact and that acid hydrolysis is the only way to quantitatively recover GDGTs from exponentially growing cells. Because acid hydrolysis removes polar head groups, it is not suitable for analysis of intact lipids. In contrast to the culture, high recovery was achieved for intact and core lipids from environmental samples, including water column particles, sediments, and soils. The high recovery from environmental samples and the large portion of core GDGTs relative to intact GDGTs suggest that lipids in the environment are largely derived from dead or dying cells. Because previous studies measured core GDGTs without acid hydrolysis, lipids contained in living cells were not detected and thus these results do not reflect viable biomass. We present a method to accurately quantify living and relict GDGTs by choosing the most efficient extraction protocol and measuring core GDGTs in extracts before and after acid hydrolysis. Here we set out to develop a method to use I-GDGTs as quantitative tracers of viable cell abundance in the environment Sturt et al. 2004). Using traditional extraction techniques on cultures of the mesophilic marine crenarchaeota, Nitrosopumilus maritimus, we discovered that lipid yields per cell varied considerably depending on the extraction technique used. Whereas it is well known that membrane lipids of archaeal cells can be difficult to extract, there are no recent reports that quantify the efficiency of currently used extraction techniques. Moreover, researchers often give no rationale for choosing one extraction protocol over another. As applications of both core and intact GDGTs grow, it is important to compare and unify GDGT extraction techniques. We searched the literature for GDGT extraction methods and measured the efficiency and degree of polar head group loss for each method using a culture of exponentially growing N. maritimus that contained only I-GDGTs. We then analyzed samples from environments where GDGT-based proxies are commonly measured, including marine water column particles, marine sediments, and soils.We evaluated five basic techniques: solvent extraction with mild acid to enhance the lyses of archaeal cells (e.g., Bligh and Dyer 1959;Nishihara and Koga 1987), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (e.g., Huguet et al. 2007b; Kim et al. 2008), ...

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Mechanism of osmoprotection by archaeal S-layers: A theoretical study

Cited by 59 publications

References 69 publications

Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules

Biomimetic interfaces based on S-layer proteins, lipid membranes and functional biomolecules

A New Addition to the Cell Plan of Anammox Bacteria: "Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis" Has a Protein Surface Layer as the Outermost Layer of the Cell

Comparison of extraction methods for quantitative analysis of core and intact polar glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in environmental samples

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