Mechanism of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Interaction with Hairy Root Cultures during Nanoharvesting of Biomolecules

Abstract

Cellular uptake and expulsion mechanisms of engineered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) are important in their design for novel biomolecule isolation and delivery applications such as nanoharvesting, defined as using nanocarriers to transport and isolate valuable therapeutics (secondary metabolites) out of living plant organ cultures (e.g., hairy roots). Here, temperature‐dependent MSNP uptake and recovery processes in hairy roots are examined as a function of surface chemistry. MSNP uptake into hairy roots and time‐dependent expulsion are quantified using Ti content (present for biomolecule binding) and fluorescence spectroscopy of fluorescently tagged MSNPs, respectively. The results suggest that functionalization and surface charge (regulated by amine group attachment) play the biggest role in the effectiveness of uptake and recovery. Comparison of MSNP interactions with hairy roots at 4 and 23 °C shows that weakly charged MSNPs functionalized only with Ti are taken up and expelled by thermally activated mechanisms, while amine‐modified positively charged particles are taken up and expelled mainly by direct penetration of cell walls. Amine‐functionalized MSNPs move spontaneously in and out of plant cells by dynamic exchange with a residence time of 20 ± 5 min, suggesting promise as a biomolecule nanoharvesting platform for plant organ cultures.

Relating Mobility of dsRNA in Nanoporous Silica Particles to Loading and Release Behavior

“…The amount of amine groups on particle surfaces was determined by a modified version of the previously reported method, ,, where particles were dissolved in alkaline solution followed by reacting primary amine groups with fluorescamine to produce fluorescent pyrrolinone . A total of 30 mg of functionalized particles was dissolved over an 8 h period in 30 mL of 0.02 M aqueous NaOH solution at room temperature under vigorous stirring.…”

Application of Data Modeling, Instrument Engineering and Nanomaterials in Selected Medid the Scientific Recinal Plant Tissue Culture

“…Nanomaterial formulations increase system activity due to higher surface area, solubility, and smaller particle size [ 95 ]. In the field of plant tissue culture, nanomaterials are widely used as elicitor stimulation to increase the accumulation of secondary metabolites [ 96 ], or as a transport carrier for plant hormones [ 97 ] and other substances to specifically harvest effective substances in plant cells [ 17 ].…”

“…Such properties allow MSNPs to be easily modified by specific functional groups to target binding bioactive materials through cell barriers. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles designed with an amine function can bind to active substances of flavonoids and carry them out of the cell [ 17 ]. Silica nanoparticles were found to obtain flavonoids from plant cultures without significant harm to host plants [ 142 ].…”

“…Particle size and surface properties (charge) are the two most critical factors for cellular uptake, but the extent of uptake depends on the type of plant. Excretion mechanisms depend on the cell type, nanoparticle size, shape, and surface modification, and the surface charge may be a decisive factor in controlling transport and excretion [ 17 ].…”

“…Layered double hydroxide (LDH) [ 15 ] and chitosan [ 16 ] can be used as a transport carrier for various substances such as the transport of plant growth regulators, nutrients, etc., to promote the growth of plant tissue biomass and the contents of secondary metabolites. Engineered mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) can be easily modified by specific functional groups, transported through the cell wall and cell membrane, and then enter the plant cells for the targeted binding of bioactive substances such as flavonoids [ 17 ]. After the combination, the MSNP-bioactive substance complex is carried out from the cell without causing significant harm to the hosts, achieving the sustainable harvesting of natural products.…”