Mechanism of Lactobacillus reuteri Probiotic in Increasing Intestinal Mucosal Immune System

Abstract

Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which, when consumed in adequate quantities as food ingredients, provide health benefits to the host. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces, are three probiotics that are intensively used as probiotics in humans and animals. Probiotics have beneficial effects on health when given adequate amounts. The concept of probiotics on human health, namely modulating the gut microbiota and its effect on the host. Probiotics play an important role in maintaining intestinal integrity through a number of different interactions, including changes in cytokine expression in the mucosa. Probiotics compete with intestinal pathogens for mucosal receptors, thereby increasing interepithelial resistance. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus casei sp GG strain was used as a prophylaxis that could increase the expression of epithelial mucin, thereby reducing the translocation of pathogenic bacteria. Abnormal local immune response is characterized by decreased secretion of IgA, thus allowing enterocyte attachment and local translocation of bacterial antigens, which are the main stimulation of pathological events. Colonic stasis can promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria which allows malignant porin bacterial strains to thrive. The gut microbiota has a major influence on human health. The microbial population has an important role in the host, such as the metabolic activity of probiotics producing energy and nutrient absorption, developing the host immune system, and preventing colonization and infection of pathogens. Lactobacillus reuteri is a hetero-fermentative bacterium that lives in the digestive tract of humans. L. reuteri has been used to treat infant necrotizing pseudomembrane. In this paper, the mechanism of L reuteri to increase host immunological response will be reviewed.

Isolation, functional evaluation of probiotic properties and molecular identification of strains isolated from Iranian poultry’s gut

“…Beneficial bacteria that stop harmful bacteria from spreading through the gastrointestinal tract are known as probiotics. Coming up next is the overall system of activity of probiotics: Using competitive inhibition to prevent harmful germs from adhering to gut epithelial junctions, making organic acids and antimicrobial chemicals like hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, and defensins increases the secretion of digestive enzymes that help with normal digestion and affect T regulatory cells and antigen-containing cells to alter the host immune response ( 6 – 8 ). Concerns about the spread of antibiotic resistance genes to humans and the discovery of Iranian native probiotic strains suitable for poultry diets prompted this study.…”

Modulating effects of heat-killed and live Limosilactobacillus reuteri PSC102 on the immune response and gut microbiota of cyclophosphamide-treated rats

“…The S-layer proteins of lactobacilli have been demonstrated to enable probiotics to bind to intestinal epithelium cells, thereby modulating the gut microbiome (Guli et al. 2021 ). The other probiotic effector molecules, such as peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and bacteriocins, can modulate the gut microbiota and improve the homeostasis of the intestine (Gao et al.…”

Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum Across Salivary pH: An In Vitro Study

“…Additionally, its immunoinflammatory characteristics modulate the immune response in the oral cavity, contributing to its therapeutic potential against a range of oral conditions. [11][12][13] Notably, Limosilactobacillus reuteri strains demonstrate remarkable antiplaque effects by hindering microorganism adhesion and growth on tooth surfaces. This bacterium alters dental plaque biochemistry, lessening cytotoxic product production and obstructs the formation of intercellular plaque matrices.…”

“…Furthermore, Limosilactobacillus reuteri demonstrates resilience against low pH conditions, although a healthy individual typically maintains salivary pH within the range of 6.2 to 7.6. [11][12][13] Salivary pH fluctuations can occur due to factors such as acidic food and drink consumption, gastroesophageal reflux disease, salivary gland dysfunction, chlorhexidine mouthrinse, and medication use. Typically, these variations return to their baseline levels within approximately 30 minutes, owing to the inherent buffering mechanisms in the human body.…”