Mechanism of internal sizing by alkyl ketene dimers (AKD): The role of the spreading monolayer precursor and autophobicity

Seppänen, Rauni; Tiberg, Fredrik; Valignat, Marie-Pierre

doi:10.3183/npprj-2000-15-05-p452-458

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…As AKD in paper is subjected to moderate heat for curing treatment, it redistributes in the fibre matrix via several possible mechanisms: capillary wicking along fibre gaps (Shen and Parker 2001); vaporization and re-deposition (Zhang et al 2007); fibre wetting by AKD via autophobic precursor (Seppanen et al 2000;Shen and Parker 2001); low-temperature spreading after curing treatment (Shen et al 2003). Among those mechanisms, the capillary wicking and vapour re-deposition are fast redistribution mechanisms, whereas the autophobic precursor and low temperature spreading after curing treatment are very slow mechanisms.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors

2010

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In this paper, we report the progress in using paper sizing chemistry to fabricate patterned paper for chemical and biological sensing applications. Patterned paper sizing uses paper sizing agents to selectively hydrophobize certain area of a sheet. The hydrophilic-hydrophobic contrast of the pattern so created has an excellent ability to control capillary penetration of aqueous liquids in channels of the pattern. Incorporating this idea with digital ink jet printing technique, a new fabrication method of paper-based microfluidic devices is established. Ink jet printing can deliver biomolecules and chemicals with precision into the microfluidic patterns to form biological/chemical sensing sites within the patterns, forming the complete sensing devices. This study shows the potential of combining paper sizing chemistry and ink jet printing to produce paper-based sensors at low cost and at commercial volume.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors

2010

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“…The coated samples were stored in three different conditions, room temperature, fridge (6 °C) and freezer (− 20 °C). The reference paper samples were only stored in the fridge and freezer, because excess, unreacted AKD slowly spreads along fibres filling the hydrophilic assay area at room temperature, as also demonstrated in earlier studies (Seppänen et al 2000). In case of coatings, no such spreading behaviour was observed, possibly due to the higher surface area of the coating, and the capillary pressure effect within pores trapping the AKD inside rather than allowing film flow.…”

Section: Fully Inkjet-printed Glucose Assaysmentioning

confidence: 91%

Fully inkjet-printed glucose assay fabricated on highly porous pigment coating

Jutila

Koivunen

Bollström

et al. 2020

Microfluid Nanofluid

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A simple paper-based microfluidic device, fabricated on a highly porous coating consisting of functionalised calcium carbonate (FCC) pigment and a microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and/or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) binder, was developed for glucose detection. Both the hydrophobic patterns, consisting of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), and the enzyme ink, consisting of glucose oxidase (GOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and an indicator containing 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP), and sodium 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxy-benzenesulphonic acid (DHBS) were inkjet-printed. Multiple coating formulations were tested using two indicators, potassium iodide (KI) and 4-AAP/DHBS, to find the optimal formulation with regard to detection sensitivity and assay stability. Higher binder concentrations increased the enzyme activity, especially in the case of PVOH. Two coatings, containing either solely MFC or both MFC and PVOH were ultimately chosen for the glucose assay experiments. For the assays, a 42 nl volume of buffered enzyme solution, containing a total of 5.04 mU GOx and approximately 1.01 mU HRP, in combination with 4 mM 4-AAP and 8 mM DHBS, was printed, and a 1 µl glucose solution, made up over a range of concentrations, was applied onto the samples to evaluate the response. A good linearity was achieved between detection and glucose concentration between 0.1 and 0.6 mM with both coatings. The assays remained stable for four weeks when stored at − 20 °C. The results show that the functional coated substrates offer a viable alternative to cellulose-based substrates for microfluidic applications enabling the use of small reagent and sample volumes.

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“…The reaction of cellulose with an AKD forms β-keto ester bonds between the lactone ring of the AKD and the hydroxyl groups of cellulose (Roberts 1997 ). Many researchers have proposed that AKD molecules spread when heated as a monolayer (Seppänen et al 2000 ) or thin multilayer (Ström et al 1992 ). The spreading of AKD molecules on a cellulose surface can be achieved by adsorption and vapor diffusion (Yu and Garnier 1997 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The spreading of AKD molecules on a cellulose surface can be achieved by adsorption and vapor diffusion (Yu and Garnier 1997 ). Seppänen et al ( 2000 ) reported that a monomolecular layer of AKD on a cellulose surface inhibited the further spreading of AKD molecules by surface diffusion in the form of an autophobic precursor and the monolayer diffusion occurred relatively slowly. To overcome the slow reactivity of an AKD with cellulose, factors promoting the reactivity of the AKD with hydroxyl groups, such as high temperatures (Yu and Garnier 1997 ), and relative humidity (RH) (Lee and Luner 2005 ) were investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A waterproof cellulose nanofibril sheet prepared by the deposition of an alkyl ketene dimer on a controlled porous structure

Park

Yook

et al. 2022

Cellulose

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Mechanism of internal sizing by alkyl ketene dimers (AKD): The role of the spreading monolayer precursor and autophobicity

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors

Progress in patterned paper sizing for fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors

Fully inkjet-printed glucose assay fabricated on highly porous pigment coating

A waterproof cellulose nanofibril sheet prepared by the deposition of an alkyl ketene dimer on a controlled porous structure

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