Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins produced on municipal incinerator flyash from reactions of chlorinated phenols

A Comparison of Dioxin, Furan and Combustion Gas Data from Test Programs at Three MSW Incinerators

“…To complicate matters further, it is not clear that surface area per se is the most important variable. A recent paper 13 indicated that based on a series of laboratory experiments with incinerator fly ash and ground firebrick, surface area was not an important factor in producing dioxin-at least from burning the pentachlorophenol "fuel" used in the experiments. Further research is needed to resolve these questions.…”

Influence of metal oxides on PCDD/Fs formation from pentachlorophenol

“…Model studies also showed that PCDD/ Fs formation from precursors is likely the predominance of the two proposed pathways (ii) and (iii) (Dickson et al, 1992). Chlorophenols (ClPhs) are structurally closely related to PCDD/Fs and thought as important precursors for PCDD/Fs formation (Dickson and Karasek, 1987;Milligan and Altwicker, 1996). Some mechanisms of PCDD/Fs formation from ClPhs as precursors have been reported (Weber and Hagenmaier, 1999;Tuppurainen et al, 2000).…”

Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-91-261-2245, Metropolitan Sewer District, Mill Creek Facility, Cincinnati, Ohio.

“…Clement and associates in a 1987 study looked at stack emissions from a municipal sewer sludge incinerator and found the dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCFDs) levels to be lower than that found in previous studies of municipal refuse incinerators. [6][7][8][9] These substances are generated during the process stage and thus are potential occupational exposures to employees with the equipment inside the building and on the roof.…”