Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon

Luijk, Ronald; Akkerman, D.M.; Slot, Pieter C.; Olie, K.; Kapteijn, Freek

doi:10.1021/es00051a019

Cited by 195 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Luijk et al (1994) detected PCDDs in a carbon-HCl system with no CuCl , 2 in an experiment set-up basically similar to that of the present study. HCl seems to be an important chlorination agent for PCDD and PCDF as well as for their precursors.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Formation of PCDD/Fs from heating polyethylene with metal chlorides in the presence of air

Zheng¹,

Liu²,

Piao³

et al. 2004

Science of The Total Environment

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This paper investigated the effect of inorganic chlorine on the formation of PCDDyFs from heating polyethylene (PE) in the presence of air. There was an increase in the formation of PCDDyFs with an increasing amount of metal chlorides except NaCl, which was not observed to have any effects on the formation of PCDDyFs without the presence of catalysts. Although the levels of PCDDyFs formation in this study have no relevance to full scale municipal solid waste incineration, the results of the present experiments can aid understanding of the mechanisms of the formation of PCDDyFs from heating PE in the presence of metal chlorides. ᮊ

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

Formation of PCDD/Fs from heating polyethylene with metal chlorides in the presence of air

Zheng¹,

Liu²,

Piao³

et al. 2004

Science of The Total Environment

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“…[28][29][30] In this study, A correlation matrix between these nine entities shows a fairly good internal correlation between the CP-route TCDD, PeCDD, and HxCDD, yet the agreement with 2,4,6,8-TCDF is modest and that with 1,2,3,4 + -TCDF non-existent (Fig. 4).…”

Section: Isomer Distribution Patternsupporting

confidence: 48%

<i>De novo</i> Formation of PCDD/F during Sintering: Effect of Temperature, Granule Size and Oxygen Content

Chen

Buekens

et al. 2018

ISIJ Int.

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Integrated iron and steel industry is the major industrial source of dioxins or, more precisely, of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF). Their main source is the sintering plant (preparing iron ore fines as feed for the blast furnace) and EAF for steelmaking. The influence of temperature (300-600°C), feed granule size (4 fractions, from 0.5-1 to 4-8 mm) and oxygen content (5 to 15 vol.%) on PCDD/F-formation has been investigated during de novo tests, involving a feed composed from the various sintering raw materials in their typical proportions. These experiments were conducted using a lab-scale vertical tube reactor and PCDD/F in off-gas and residue were collected together for analysis. Some CuCl 2 catalyst was wetly added, to ensure that PCDD/F-formation activity was well measurable. The experimental results show that dioxins peak at 350°C, a granule size of 2 to 4 mm and the highest O 2 concentration tested (15 vol.%). Within each homologue group, the isomer signature has been further scrutinized, with special emphasis on the seventeen 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F, as well as on the seven PCDD-congeners and two TCDF usually associated with chlorophenol precursor routes, with the purpose to throw more light on the mechanism of PCDD/F-formation. For the first time ever, a complete congener-specific analysis is presented for sintering effluent and discussed. From this study and a number of former and ongoing studies, it is clear that iron oxide is responsible for the high PCDF/PCDD-ratio and the relatively low level of chlorination of PCDF and PCDD.

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“…Experiment B-2 presents a different situation, when CuCl 2 served as a source of additional chlorine. On one hand, CuCl 2 has been proven to be the key metal catalyst for the PCDD/F formation (Luijk et al, 1994). However, CuCl 2 also acts as an oxidizer, promoting the combustion efficiency, which in turn results in a lower PCDD/F formation (Hatanaka et al, 2001).…”

Section: Additional Chlorine and Suppression Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Suppression of PCDD/Fs by Raw Meal in Cement Kilns

Lin

Ji²,

Zhan

et al. 2018

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Raw meal of the cement production process could probably suppress the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). In this study, these suppression effects were studied and compared during the co-processing of municipal solid waste (MSW) with conventional feed materials such as pure CaCO 3 , and pure CaO. A top suppression efficiency of 96% was achieved for a ratio of MSW to raw meal of 1:15. Moreover, NaCl and CuCl 2 were added to the mix of feed material and MSW, to reveal the impact of additional chlorine and cations on PCDD/F formation. Similarly, the raw meal was mixed with the kiln dust to investigate possible suppression effects of those PCDD/Fs formed through the precursor or the de novo synthesis at a temperature of 350°C. The raw meal suppressed the formation of PCDD/Fs from kiln dust. Furthermore, the raw meal could not suppress the formation of PCDD/Fs on mixtures of kiln dust and NaCl or CuCl 2 , which could be associated with a potential increase in the formation effects of PCDD/Fs on the raw meal. The results can help in potential decision-making on the applicability of certain cement kilns on the co-processing of MSW containing high levels of Cl and Cu.

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Mechanism of formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the catalyzed combustion of carbon

Cited by 195 publications

References 24 publications

Formation of PCDD/Fs from heating polyethylene with metal chlorides in the presence of air

Formation of PCDD/Fs from heating polyethylene with metal chlorides in the presence of air

<i>De novo</i> Formation of PCDD/F during Sintering: Effect of Temperature, Granule Size and Oxygen Content

Suppression of PCDD/Fs by Raw Meal in Cement Kilns

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