Mechanism of Formation of Hydrogen Trioxide (HOOOH) in the Ozonation of 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine and 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine:  An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation

Abstract

Low-temperature (-78 degrees C) ozonation of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine in various oxygen bases as solvents (acetone-d(6), methyl acetate, tert-butyl methyl ether) produced hydrogen trioxide (HOOOH), 1,2-diphenyldiazene, 1,2-diphenyldiazene-N-oxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Ozonation of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine produced besides HOOOH, 1,2-dimethyldiazene, 1,2-dimethyldiazene-N-oxide and hydrogen peroxide, also formic acid and nitromethane. Kinetic and activation parameters for the decomposition of the HOOOH produced in this way, and identified by (1)H, (2)H, and (17)O NMR spectroscopy, are in agreement with our previous proposal that water participates in this reaction as a bifunctional catalyst in a polar decomposition process to produce water and singlet oxygen (O(2), (1)delta(g)). The possibility that hydrogen peroxide is, besides water, also involved in the decomposition of hydrogen trioxide is also considered. The half-life of HOOOH at room temperature (20 degrees C) is 16 +/- 1 min in all solvents investigated. Using a variety of DFT methods (restricted, broken-symmetry unrestricted, self-interaction corrected) in connection with the B3LYP functional, a stepwise mechanism involving the hydrotrioxyl (HOOO(*)) radical is proposed for the ozonation of hydrazines (RNHNHR, R = H, Ph, Me) that involves the abstraction of the N-hydrogen atom by ozone to form a radical pair, RNNHR(*) (*)OOOH. The hydrotrioxyl radical can then either abstract the remaining N(H) hydrogen atom from the RNNHR(*) radical to form the corresponding diazene (RN=NR), or recombines with RNNHR(*) in a solvent cage to form the hydrotrioxide, RN(OOOH)NHR. The decomposition of these very labile hydrotrioxides involves the homolytic scission of the RO-OOH bond with subsequent "in cage" formation of the diazene-N-oxide and hydrogen peroxide. Although 1,2-diphenyldiazene is unreactive toward ozone under conditions investigated, 1,2-dimethyldiazene reacts with relative ease to yield 1,2-dimethyldiazene-N-oxide and singlet oxygen (O(2), (1)delta(g)). The subsequent reaction sequence between these two components to yield nitromethane as the final product is discussed. The formation of formic acid and nitromethane in the ozonolysis of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine is explained as being due to the abstraction of a methyl H atom of the CH(3)NNHCH(3)(*) radical by HOOO(*) in the solvent cage. The possible mechanism of the reaction of the initially formed formaldehyde methylhydrazone (and HOOOH) with ozone/oxygen mixtures to produce formic acid and nitromethane is also discussed.

Theoretical Approach for the Structures, Energetics and Spectroscopic Properties of (H2O3)n(n = 1-5) Clusters

“…10 The preparation of HOOOH in organic solvents was proposed from the ozonation of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine in aceton-d 6 O) spectra. 11 They also reported that some alkyl hydrotrioxides (ROOOH) of 1,3-dioxolanes decompose to form HOOOH. 12 In 2004 Wentworth and coworkers prepared HOOOH from the thermal reaction of HOOH with ozone in aceton-d 6 at −78 o C and trioxide was characterized by 1 H NMR spectrum.…”

The chemistry of nitroso oxides

“…Some authors assume the intermediate formation of nitroso oxides in processes proceeding without the participation of nitrenes and oxygen 34,90,91 . The ozonolysis of phosphine imines in CH 2 Cl 2 at 195 K yields the corresponding phosphine oxide and nitro compound 90 .…”

“…1,2-Dimethyldiazene (1) reacts with ozone in acetone-d 6 at 195 K to form 1,2-dimethyldiazene-N-oxide (2) (90%) and nitromethane (5) (10%) as the main reaction products 91 . According to the suggested mechanism, intermediate formation of nitroso oxide takes place via the reaction of the azoxy compound with singlet oxygen (Scheme 3).…”

“…The elementary reaction steps were studied by theoretical methods 91 . It was shown that the most probable pathway of the formation of nitromethane is the O-transfer from nitroso oxide to nitroso compound (reaction 3 → 5, Scheme 3).…”

Dihydrogen Trioxide (HOOOH) Is Generated during the Thermal Reaction between Hydrogen Peroxide and Ozone

“…200 ms in perchlorate pH 2) precludes the pulsed radiolysis method as being viable for NMR analysis (a single pulse sequence in a typical 1 H NMR experiment shown in Figure 1 is > 25 s). Plesnicar et al [26] have shown that HOOOH is always contaminated with a number of oxidation products of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine and HOOH when the low-temperature ozonation of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine in an organic solvent is employed. Therefore a new methodology was required for the generation of a pure solution of HOOOH.…”