Mechanism of Erosion of Nozzles in Open‐hearth Ladles*

Snow, Richard; Shea, J. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1949.tb19766.x

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…[8][9][10][11][12] Several of the deposited inclusions are located at typical zones of the nozzle promoting the deleterious clogging phenomenon. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Other authors have studied the fluidynamics inside the nozzle trying to figure out the inclusion deposition at the typical adhesion zones, finding that these are related to low pressure and high turbulence zones. [22][23][24][25][26] In contrast, many researchers have tried to establish the variables affecting the inclusion trajectory, focusing on the forces balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Analysis of the Dynamic Effects on the Deposition of Alumina Inclusions inside the Upper Tundish Nozzle

2016

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Nozzle clogging is still a standing problem in the continuous casting of steel since the deposition of alumina inclusions inside the Upper Tundish Nozzle (UTN) affects the productivity and the product quality. The present fundamental work studies the effects of inertial, gravitational, buoyant, pressure gradient, and Saffman forces on the deposited inclusion trajectories at the typical adhesion zone inside the UTN, using analytical and numerical techniques. For this, a mathematical model was developed considering the Navier-Stokes equations, the standard k-ε model, and the Lagrangian discrete phase model for a coupled system including the tundish, the UTN, the slide gate, the SEN, and the mould. The results show that the highest inclusion deposition rate is just below a low static pressure zone. At the low static pressure zone the pressure gradient force becomes important, attracting the inclusions to the nozzle wall, and once the inclusions leave this zone, this force does not promote a significant inclusion radial movement. In addition, at the highest deposition zone, the effects of the gravitational and buoyant forces do not promote a significant inclusion radial movement since these are aligned with the direction of the flow stream lines. In contrast, the Saffman force shows an important effect on the deposited inclusions, slowing down the inclusions in the vertical axis and increasing their radial movement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Analysis of the Dynamic Effects on the Deposition of Alumina Inclusions inside the Upper Tundish Nozzle

2016

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“…Many researchers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] investigated the clogging behavior and obtained valuable information. Clogging was classified into four types by Thomas et al 1,2) according to its origins: deoxidation products, solidified steel, complex oxides and reaction products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several investigators analyzed the composition of clogging during the casting of aluminum-killed steel, and found that alumina was the main phase. Some of them concluded that these alumina inclusions formed by deoxidation were the main reason for clogging, [3][4][5][6][7] while some found that the reaction between the steel and the nozzle refractory could also cause clogging. [8][9][10][11] Besides, reoxidation were also considered as a source of clogging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment of Liquid Calcium Aluminate Inclusions on Inner Wall of Submerged Entry Nozzle during Continuous Casting of Calcium-Treated Steel

Deng

Zhu

Zhong³

et al. 2014

ISIJ Int.

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In the present study, inclusions in calcium-treated steel after RH treatment, in the tundish and in bloom were studied. Only two types of inclusions were detected in all steel samples, namely liquid calcium aluminate inclusions and inclusions of two phases with spinel in the center surrounded by the liquid calcium aluminate. The attachment of the inclusions on the inner surface of SEN was investigated for two types of refractory materials. The results indicated that liquid calcium aluminate inclusions could attach on the wall of SEN, when the refractory had big grain size and big cavities on the surface. On the other hand, tiny grain size and smooth surface of the SEN showed no attachment of the inclusions. The different behaviors of the two types of SEN were well explained using the results of flow calculation in the nozzle. The mechanism of the attachment was also discussed based on the experimental results and the CFD calculation. The tiny nodules formed on the surface of the inner nozzle due to inclusion attachment could be a source of macro inclusions.

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“…In 1949, Snow and Shea found Al 2 O 3 covering the bore surface of nozzles used to teem Al-killed steel ingots. [210] Duderstadt et al [211] found that nozzle blockage contained high levels of Al (0.0036 pct) and that nozzle sectioning revealed dendritic growth of alumina from the nozzle wall onto the bore. Farrell and Hilty [212] observed clogs of Al, Zr, Ti, and rare earth metals.…”

Section: Inclusion Agglomeration and Clogging During Steel Pouringmentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the art in the control of inclusions during steel ingot casting

Zhang

Thomas

2006

Metall Mater Trans B

241

129

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This article extensively reviews published research on inclusions in ingot steel and defects on ingot products, methods to measure and detect inclusions in steel, the causes of exogenous inclusions, and the transport and entrapment of inclusions during fluid flow, segregation, and solidification of steel cast in ingot molds. Exogenous inclusions in ingots originate mainly from reoxidation of the molten steel, slag entrapment, and lining erosion, which are detailed in this article. The measures to prevent the formation of exogenous inclusions and improve their removal are provided, which are very useful for the clean steel production of ingot industries.

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Mechanism of Erosion of Nozzles in Open‐hearth Ladles*

Cited by 23 publications

References 2 publications

Mathematical Analysis of the Dynamic Effects on the Deposition of Alumina Inclusions inside the Upper Tundish Nozzle

Mathematical Analysis of the Dynamic Effects on the Deposition of Alumina Inclusions inside the Upper Tundish Nozzle

Attachment of Liquid Calcium Aluminate Inclusions on Inner Wall of Submerged Entry Nozzle during Continuous Casting of Calcium-Treated Steel

State of the art in the control of inclusions during steel ingot casting

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