Mechanism of emulsion polymerisation

Gardon, J. L.

doi:10.1002/pi.4980020101

Cited by 29 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The values of the interval I1 rate B , and the final number of latex particles N are calculated from Gardon's equations (41a) and (23) with the values of R, K , and 4, which he has tabulated.ll However, the values of the density of the monomer d, and polymer dp tabulated for styrene refer to 25OC, and the values d, = 0.8735 g/cm3 and dp = 1.041 g/cm3 at 6OoC,2l have been used. Although the rate of decomposition of persulfate depends on the pH of the solution, this is because of the onset of an acid-catalyzed heterolysis, which does not produce free radicals, and there is no evidence that the rate of initiation varies appreciably with pH.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of homologous series of alkyl sulfate surfactants on the emulsion polymerization of styrene. I. Equal total concentrations

Al-Shahib

Dunn

1978

J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed.

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SynopsisThere is evidence in the literature that the rates of emulsion polymerization increase by a large factor as the alkyl chain length increases for a homologous series of surfactants. However, the area occupied by a surfactant molecule in a saturated monolayer at the polystryenelwater interface is independent of chain length for alkyl sulfates so that, on the basis of Gardon's theory, equal rates of polymerization would be expected when equal concentrations of surfactants are used. There is a large increase in the number of polymer latex particles formed and in the rate of emulsion polymerization as the surfactant concentration is increased through the critical micelle concentration; this accounts for the large increases reported, because the lower members of the homologous series are below their critical micelle concentrations in most of the published studies. When a common concentration is chosen that is above the critical micelle concentration even for the lowest member of the series, only a relatively small increase in latex particle number and rate of emulsion polymerization with alkyl chain length of the surfactant is observed. This is attributable to an increase in the concentration of surfactant micelles. Good agreement with Gardon's theory is obtained when the concentration of micellar surfactant is used instead of the total surfactant concentration.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of homologous series of alkyl sulfate surfactants on the emulsion polymerization of styrene. I. Equal total concentrations

Al-Shahib

Dunn

1978

J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed.

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“…For an excellent description of the basic theory and mechanism of emulsion polymerization, the reader is referred to a series of papers by Gardon (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). A comprehensive simulation model of batch emulsion polymerization has been developed by Min and Ray (8).…”

Section: Qualitative Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion copolymerization: Kinetics model and reactor performance

Quarderer

Katti

1993

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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The Dow process for producing perfluorinated ionomeric membranes includes several emulsion copolymerizations involving gaseous tetrafluoroethylene and a second liquid phase monomer. The choice of the organic phase monomer depends on the desired product. The emulsion copolymerization reactor model was developed by extending the Smith‐Ewart‐Gardon theory for emulsion polymerization processes. Population balance techniques and Flory‐Huggins solution theory were applied. The resulting coupled partial differential equations were solved using the method of characteristics. The reactor model, with minimal adjustable parameters, predicts most polymerization results, including molecular weight, reaction rates in the three process stages, latex particle size, polymer composition, and the composition drift as a function of reaction time. The analysis and reactor model is used in the manufacturing process to set process conditions to obtain the desired properties in the polymer product.

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“…Others [2][3][4][5] have also constructed automated dilatometers. With the exception of Gardon's device [4] (in which the changing resistance of a column of mercury of varying length was followed as a measure of meniscus position) and that of Sudol et nl [SI (in which the movement of a stainless steel piston was measured using a linear differential transformer) all previous devices of which we are aware have as their basis duplication of the action of a human operator.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Null effect dilatometry, a new approach to rate measurement in chemistry

McKinnon¹,

King²,

Wilson³

1994

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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An automated constant-volume dilatometer based on a null-measurement approach to the measurement of reaction extent, and hence reaction rate, in chemical systems is reported and described. In this device, liquid is added to or removed from the dilatometer in order to maintain constant volume within the dilatometer. The sensitivity of the device is between 0.1 and 1% of the volume change that would accompany the reaction in a constant-mass, constant-temperature system. The device is readily adapted to remote measurement. We suggest that it has potential for widespread use in chemical kinetics although the applications described here relate to polymerization from solution.

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Mechanism of emulsion polymerisation

Cited by 29 publications

References 69 publications

Effect of homologous series of alkyl sulfate surfactants on the emulsion polymerization of styrene. I. Equal total concentrations

Effect of homologous series of alkyl sulfate surfactants on the emulsion polymerization of styrene. I. Equal total concentrations

Emulsion copolymerization: Kinetics model and reactor performance

Null effect dilatometry, a new approach to rate measurement in chemistry

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