Mechanism of concrete deterioration due to salt crystallization

Thaulow, N.; Sahu, Sadananda

doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2004.08.013

Cited by 158 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Mechanism Sulfate attack may manifest itself physically when dissolved salts diffuse through the concrete and precipitate in pores, causing damage (Haynes et al, 2008;Rodriguez-Navarro et al, 2000;Scherer, 2004;Thaulow and Sahu, 2004). A particularly pernicious salt is sodium sulfate (Flatt, 2002;Rodriguez-Navarro et al, 2000;Tsui et al, 2003).…”

Section: Physical Sulfate Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Whittaker

Black

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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This paper offers an update of the current understanding of sulfate attack, with emphasis on the sulfates present in an external water source percolating through, and potentially reacting with, the cement matrix. The paper considers the explanations put forward to explain sulfate attack, both from a chemical and microstructural perspective.Similarly, this paper reviews work on the physical damage caused by the precipitation of sulfate salts in porous materials. With the increased use of binary and ternary blends, this paper also considers the impact of binder composition on sulfate resistance, and similarly reviews how the nature of the sulfate species can affect the nature and extent of any deterioration. This then leads on to the important consideration of differences between field-and lab-based studies, reviewing the effect of various experimental parameters on sulfate resistance. This latter topic is of great importance to anyone who wishes to carry out such experiments.

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Section: Physical Sulfate Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Below 40% relative humidity (RH), thenardite would be precipitated directly. Several damage mechanisms have been proposed and have been summarised previously (Thaulow and Sahu, 2004) , putting forward the idea of crystallisation pressure (Correns, 1949;Scherer, 2004).…”

Section: Physical Sulfate Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current knowledge of external sulfate attack

Whittaker

Black

2015

Advances in Cement Research

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“…There are many studies dealing with the problems of stone damage resulting from the action of different high soluble ''cement'' salts (Winkler 1994;Amorosso and Fassina 1983) or studying the origin, mechanism and condition of their formation (Evans 1970;Ritchie 1955;Rodriguez-Navarro and Doehne 1999;Rodriguez-Navarro et al 2000;Storemyr 1997;Thaulow and Sahu 2004;Winkler and Singer 1972). There are also numerous papers about the formation of insoluble lead salts and lead leaching in environmental conditions (Astrup et al 1999;Birkefeld et al 2007;Cao et al 2003;Dermates et al 2004;Lin et al 1995;Lin 1996), but relatively few dedicated to the negative action of lead elements in building structures (Colombo et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between binding materials—the cause of damage to gabbro stone on the monument to the unknown soldier (Serbia)

et al. 2009

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The monument to the Unknown Soldier (Mt. Avala, Serbia) is an unique structure made of gabbro stone. Although, gabbro belongs to the category of extremely resistant stones, after 73 years of exposure to environmental conditions it is showing signs of deterioration. This paper gives an explanation of the origin and formation of the salt deposits as the result of interaction between the cement mortar ± Pb-elements (the materials binding the stone blocks) and environmental conditions. According to composition and location, salt deposits can be divided into two groups: highly soluble ''cement'' salts (trona, thermonatrite, aphthalite, thenardite) on interior surfaces of the monument and barely soluble lead salts (hydrocerussite, plumbonacrite, anglesite, lanarkite) on the outside walls of the monument. The types of salt deposit directly depend on the amount and nature of atmospheric water and the material it acts upon. Both groups of salts caused loss of stone material, as well as blistering, flaking and scaling of the gabbro surface.

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“…As oxidation and acid corrosion proceeded, the minerals composition and mechanical property changed accordingly. Based on the previous black shale weathering researches, the weathering products can be divided into several categories [3][4][5] : 1) acidic water; 2) sulfate minerals; 3) iron oxides and hydroxides; 4) clay minerals; 5) heavy metal and trace elements, etc. Corrosive acid water is produced in the weathering process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%