Mechanism of coloration in copper-stained float glass

Nagao, Hiroyuki; Misonou, Masao; Kawahara, Hideo

doi:10.1016/0022-3093(90)90204-y

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Stained glass from the Middle Ages generally owes its colour to suspended elemental copper particles (of a specific size distribution) within the potash-lime-silica matrix (Nagao et al, 1990;Farges et al, 2006). Because of their small size and high density, these metal colloids increase the opacity of the host material to such an extent that only a thin layer of red glass is translucent (Raguin, 2003).…”

Section: Architectural Science Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Transmissive properties of Medieval and Renaissance stained glass in European churches

Simmons

Mysak

2010

Architectural Science Review

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Medieval stained glass is often described by how its clarity contributes to the lightness or darkness of a sacred interior. Using high dynamic range (HDR) imagery (a low-budget, time-efficient means of photographic data collection) to estimate luminances (or per-pixel brightnesses), the relative transmissivities of adjacent panels of glass are obtained for the first time in a variety of medieval churches in western Europe. In order to carry out a comparison between different interiors, red glass was assumed to have a fixed average transmissivity, based on data that suggest that the glazing transmission of red panes is relatively constant. This red standard was then applied over a large database of images collected from different churches to provide a quantitative index of stained glass light transmission. The results indicate that the use of brighter colours during the 12th century admitted more light compared to 13th-century glass. Furthermore, the more translucent glasses of the 15th and 16th centuries appear to have increased light transmission into the interior by as much as an order of magnitude. The resulting change in indoor illumination significantly altered the human visual perception of the sacred interior as glazing preferences evolved over the course of the late Middle Ages.

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Section: Architectural Science Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Transmissive properties of Medieval and Renaissance stained glass in European churches

Simmons

Mysak

2010

Architectural Science Review

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“…The samples present an inflexion point between 575 and 598 nm (Figure 7B). Color in copper glasses is commonly caused by the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with metallic colloidal particles, giving rise to an absorption band, generally with a maximum around 560 nm, 25 which corresponds to the observed inflexion points in the reflectance spectra. The unique optical properties of the metal nanoparticles, with origin on the surface plasmon resonance, result from the absorption and scattering of 26 This absorption band's wavelength and shape depend mainly on the metal nanoparticles' size, shape, dielectric properties, and the surrounding matrix.…”

Section: Electric Furnace Versus Wood Furnacementioning

confidence: 99%

Red glass in Kunckel's Ars Vitraria Experimentalis: The importance of temperature

Vilarigues

Ruivo

Hagendijk

et al. 2022

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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The role of the melting conditions and furnaces used to the obtained final colors has always been a question raised when investigating formulations and recipes of historical glasses. The focus of the present work is the reproduction of three recipes of red enamel glass of the manuscript by Neri, L'arte vetraria (1612) following the translation and comments by Kunckel's in Ars Vitraria Experimentalis (1679). The reproductions include the production of each individual compound of the selected recipes following instructions, and the final glass production in electric and wood‐fire furnaces to assess the effect of different melting conditions. A multianalytical approach was used to fully characterize the produced samples allowing the study of the enamel chemical composition, color, crystals formations, and thermal properties. The results indicate that no significant color differences may be attributed to the melting conditions. However, it revealed that the samples produced in the electric furnace at 1200°C present a high crystallinity degree and the formation of white crystals at room temperature in a short period of time. The formation of crystals on glass is critical, and historically, to avoid it, these recipes must have been made at temperatures between 1050 and 1100°C.

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“…In particular, red glass was obtained through the formation of metallic copper nanocrystals from the reduction of copper oxides under a reducing atmosphere . These metallic copper nanocrystals, typically located at the surface of the glass (Figure a), rendered blue colored glasses with a thin red colored layer originating either from the excitation of localized surface plasmon modes in the nanoparticles or by scattering from the nanoparticles themselves. − This evidence shows that, even though our ancestors were not able to produce glass in a standardized, scalable manner, they mastered this art well enough to manufacture colored glass with controlled macroscopic properties, using an empirical technique very similar to that used to produce luster ceramics and modern colored glass more than two millennia later …”

Section: Nanocrystals In Glassmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Millennia of Nanocrystals

Montanarella

Kovalenko

2022

ACS Nano

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The broad deployment of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in modern society is increasing day by day to the point that some have seen in this process the transition from the Silicon Age to a new Nano Age. Nanocrystals—a distinct class of nanomaterials—are forecast to play a pivotal role in the next generation of devices such as liquid crystal displays, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and luminescent solar concentrators. However, it is not to be forgotten that this cutting-edge technology is rooted in empirical knowledge and craftsmanship developed over the millennia. This review aims to span the major applications in which nanocrystals were consistently employed by our forebears. Through an analysis of these examples, we show that the modern-age discoveries stem from multimillennial experience passed on from our proto-chemist ancestors to us.

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Mechanism of coloration in copper-stained float glass

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Transmissive properties of Medieval and Renaissance stained glass in European churches

Transmissive properties of Medieval and Renaissance stained glass in European churches

Red glass in Kunckel's Ars Vitraria Experimentalis: The importance of temperature

Three Millennia of Nanocrystals

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