Mechanism of changing adaptation potential and morpho-biochemical parameters of erythrocytes in students with different modes of daily activity after physical loading

Abstract

The aim of this work was to identify morpho-functional and biochemical changes in erythrocytes in students with different daily educational -training regimens after dosed physical exertion. The study involved 50 male students aged 20–22 years who study at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports. Of these, 25 were untrained students (control group) and 25 were students studying for the highest sports qualification who were engaged in sports in which training was conducted to improve overall endurance (skiing, biathlon, long-distance running). At the end of the school year, all students were required to carry out a single session involving physical loading of maximum intensity on a veloergometer. According to the results of the questionnaire, it was found that the combination of intensive training and training processes caused a mismatch between the functional capabilities of the students’ and athletes’ biological systems and the increased volume and intensity of their psycho-physical loading, which is closely correlated with a decrease in their level of physical health. In the blood of untrained students, under the influence of dosed physical activity, reversibly altered forms of erythrocytes appeared, which accounted for 2.0% of the total number of erythrocytes. In the morphological study of student athletes, an increase in the content of reversibly and irreversibly altered erythrocytes was observed, the number of which exceeded 2.0% of the total number of erythrocytes. In individual student athletes echinocytes with small-focal microdefects of the outer membrane were observed in the peripheral blood, as well as acanthocytes and stomatocytes, which have low resistance to acid hemolysis. The mechanism of this phenomenon is a decrease in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase, which leads to a deficiency of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes. Such cells under the influence of oxidizing agents quickly undergo lysis, which is manifested by a violation of their structural integrity. This can lead to the development of “anemia of loading”, which is manifested by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin and the number of erythrocytes with their morphometric recalibration due to the appearance of macro-microcytic forms. The presence of such changes can adversely affect both the athletic performance and the state of health of students. This requires appropriate correction of the training process, as well as the development and timely application of adequate measures aimed at eliminating the development of the pathological process and eliminating possible undesirable consequences.

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“…Earlier works by Popel 'et al, [2,3] have shown that athletes after competitions have an accumulation of acidic metabolites in peripheral blood, especially lactate. In this case, the shift of the pH towards the acid reaction (up to 7.26) occurs due to the activation of the synthesis of 2,3-DFG.…”

“…In a number of studies [2,3,11] it was shown that when practicing strength sports, special requirements are made to the functional reserves of the athlete's cardio-respiratory system. This immediately affects the functional state of the peripheral circulation and is often associated with the level of erythrocyte hemostasis.…”

“…An increase in Simonson index values in athletes of the main group indicates a pronounced reaction of small arteries and large arterioles. It is known that their tone is mainly under the direct control of the nervous system [3].…”

“…Erythrocytes preparations were prepared according to generally accepted rules [2,3,10]. and examined in a JEOL-25A-T3225 scanning electron microscope (Japan), and the percentage composition of different types of red blood cells was determined using the computer program "Biovision-4.01" (USA).…”

“…The problem of developing a recreational regime in the physical training of athletes in power triathlon is still far from a final solution [1]. There are practically no scientific studies in this area and the role of the erythrocyte hemostasis system after physical exertion remains undisclosed [2,3]. There are only some fundamental data in the study of the problem of the manifestation of strength and strength training in weightlifting [4][5][6] and the associated changes in capillary blood flow in the lower limbs.…”