Mechanism of Buffer Action in Soils

Myers, Philip; Gilligan, Gerald M.

doi:10.1126/science.66.1709.302

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…carpocapsae at room temperature (22 C) for 3 days [29]. The nematode infected cadavers were then transferred to individual White traps [38] and observed once daily to check for the initiation of IJ emergence. Cadavers that had just begun to release the IJs within the past 24 hr were selected for use in all experiments to minimize variation due to initiation of emergence among replicates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral Dispersal and Foraging Behavior of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Absence and Presence of Mobile and Non-Mobile Hosts

Bal

Grewal

2015

PLoS ONE

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Entomopathogenic nematodes have been classified into cruisers (active searchers) and ambushers (sit and wait foragers). However, little is known about their dispersal and foraging behavior at population level in soil. We studied lateral dispersal of the ambush foraging Steinernema carpocapsae (ALL strain) and cruise foraging Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (GPS11 strain) from infected host cadavers in microcosms (0.05 m2) containing Wooster silt-loam soil (Oxyaquic fragiudalf) and vegetation in the presence or absence of non-mobile and mobile hosts. Results showed that the presence of a non-mobile host (Galleria mellonella larva in a wire mesh cage) enhanced H. bacteriophora dispersal for up to 24 hr compared with no-host treatment, but had no impact on S. carpocapsae dispersal. In contrast, presence of a mobile host (G. mellonella larvae) increased dispersal of S. carpocapsae compared with no host treatment, but had no effect on H. bacteriophora dispersal. Also H. bacteriophora was better at infecting non-mobile than mobile hosts released into the microcosms and S. carpocapsae was better at infecting mobile than non-mobile hosts, thus affirming the established cruiser-ambusher theory. However, results also revealed that a large proportion of infective juveniles (IJs) of both species stayed near (≤ 3.8 cm) the source cadaver (88-96% S. carpocapsae; 67–79% H. bacteriophora), and the proportion of IJs reaching the farthest distance (11.4 cm) was significantly higher for S. carpocapsae (1.4%) than H. bacteriophora (0.4%) in the presence of mobile hosts. S. carpocapsae also had higher average population displacement than H. bacteriophora in the presence of both the non-mobile (5.07 vs. 3.6 cm/day) and mobile (8.06 vs. 5.3 cm/day) hosts. We conclude that the two species differ in their dispersal and foraging behavior at the population level and this behavior is affected by both the presence and absence of hosts and by their mobility.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral Dispersal and Foraging Behavior of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Absence and Presence of Mobile and Non-Mobile Hosts

Bal

Grewal

2015

PLoS ONE

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“…Once soil samples were transported back to the laboratory they were placed into nonairtight plastic boxes (10 x 8 x 5 cm) and each box was baited with six late instar G. mellonella and maintained at room temperature (15-20°C) (Glazer & Lewis, 2000). Every 48 hours any dead or moribund G. mellonella were removed, rinsed with distilled water and placed into individual White traps (White, 1927). This process was repeated every 2-3 days for days until all G. mellonella were removed from the box.…”

Section: Isolation Of Epns Using Baiting With G Mellonella As Baitmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey investigating the diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the UK and the first confirmed UK record of Steinernema carpocapsae

et al. 2018

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Summary Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) of the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are lethal insect parasites that have been commercialised as biological control agents. EPN have been isolated from across the world but it has been more than 20 years since the last survey of the UK, and species like Steinernema carpocapsae have never been found here and positively identified through molecular biology. We collected 518 soil samples from a diverse range of habitats across the UK and baited them with Galleria mellonella to isolate EPN. Dead G. mellonella were placed in White traps and emergent EPN underwent DNA barcoding analyses. From the 518 samples, 3.5% were positive for EPN. No Heterorhabditis species were found, but seven isolates of S. glaseri, one isolate of S. feltiae, eight isolates of S. affine and two isolates of S. carpocapsae were found. This was the first confirmed record of S. carpocapsae in the UK.

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Potential of Two Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Suppression of Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Life Stages in Northern Climates

Kim

Alston

2008

Environ Entomol

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Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, is a major pest of pome and stone fruits in North America. We evaluated the potential efficacy of two entomopathogenic nematode species for suppression of plum curculio in northern regions, targeting life stages that reside in soil during spring and summer. A strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora isolated from soil infested with plum curculio in northern Utah and a commercially available strain of Steinernema feltiae known to tolerate cool temperatures were tested in the laboratory against three life stages of plum curculio. Bioassays used the southern strain of plum curculio because availability of the northern strain from the field was inadequate. H. bacteriophora was more virulent than S. feltiae to all plum curculio life stages. Adults and pupae were more susceptible than larvae. Temperature bioassays were conducted with a surrogate host: last instars of Galleria mellonella. The two nematodes exhibited different, but overlapping, thermal activity ranges. Both species performed best at 20 degrees C: virulence and reproductive potential was higher; however, H. bacteriophora was superior to S. feltiae at 30 degrees C and vice versa at 10 degrees C. The reproductive potential of H. bacteriophora was > 2.5 times greater than for S. feltiae, and H. bacteriophora required fewer individuals to initiate a successful host infection. S. feltiae was a better fit for temperatures expected in northern climates, but H. bacteriophora was more virulent to plum curculio and produced more infective juveniles that may benefit nematode recycling and continuation and spread of insect suppression in the field.

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Mechanism of Buffer Action in Soils

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Lateral Dispersal and Foraging Behavior of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Absence and Presence of Mobile and Non-Mobile Hosts

Lateral Dispersal and Foraging Behavior of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Absence and Presence of Mobile and Non-Mobile Hosts

A survey investigating the diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in the UK and the first confirmed UK record of Steinernema carpocapsae

Potential of Two Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Suppression of Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Life Stages in Northern Climates

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