Mechanism of atomic force microscopy imaging of three-dimensional hydration structures at a solid-liquid interface

Fukuma, Takeshi; Reischl, Bernhard; Kobayashi, Naritaka; Spijker, Peter; Canova, Fillippo Federici; Miyazawa, Keisuke; Foster, Adam S.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.92.155412

Cited by 106 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In the meanwhile, the tip and its hydration shells affect the time-averaged density distribution of water. We previously investigated this influence by detailed comparison between the experiments and atomistic MD simulation [19] and explained why we can visualize the intrinsic 3D hydration structures even with a nanoscale tip. In addition, we also previously reported the detailed comparison between the force images obtained by the STA model and experiment [23], discussed the role of the tip hydration shell and explained that it rather helps us to probe the true hydration structure of the sample.…”

Section: Comparison Of 3d-sfm Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Till date, majority of the atomic-scale measurements in liquid by dynamicmode AFM have been performed in an electrolytic solution because an atomic-scale AFM measurement in pure water is typically much more difficult than that in an electrolytic solution [18][19][20]. Nevertheless, the obtained results are often compared with a theoretically simulated water density or force images without taking into account the influence of ions present in the electrolyte.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, one solution for this problem was reported, where a small cantilever with a resonance frequency (f 0 ) of ∼3.5 MHz in liquid [21] was used for obtaining a subnanometer-scale 3D force image even in pure water. The force image measured on a calcite (CaCO 3 ) (1014) surface in pure water was compared with the one obtained by an atomistic MD simulation [22], which clarified the central issues underpinning the mechanism of 3D hydration structure measurements [19]. The small cantilever was also used for imaging the 3D force distribution on a fluorite (CaF 2 ) (111) surface in pure water [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of ions on two-dimensional and three-dimensional atomic force microscopy at fluorite–water interfaces

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Recent advancement in liquid-environment atomic force microscopy (AFM) has enabled us to visualize three-dimensional (3D) hydration structures as well as two-dimensional (2D) surface structures with subnanometer-scale resolution at solid-water interfaces. However, the influence of ions present in solution on the 2D-and 3D-AFM measurements has not been well understood. In this study, we perform atomic-scale 2D-and 3D-AFM measurements at fluorite-water interfaces in pure water and supersaturated solution of fluorite. The images obtained in these two environments are compared to understand the influence of the ions in solution on these measurements. In the 2D images, we found clear difference in the nanoscale structures but no significant difference in the atomic-scale contrasts. However, the 3D force images show clear difference in the subnanometer-scale contrasts. The force contrasts measured in pure water largely agree with those expected from the molecular dynamics simulation and the solvent tip approximation model. In the supersaturated solution, an additional force peak is observed over the negatively charged fluorine ion site. This location suggests that the observed force peak may originate from cations adsorbed on the fluorite surface. These results demonstrate that the ions can significantly alter the subnanometer-scale force contrasts in the 3D-AFM images.

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Section: Comparison Of 3d-sfm Imagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of ions on two-dimensional and three-dimensional atomic force microscopy at fluorite–water interfaces

et al. 2017

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“…17 Recently, the development of three-dimensional (3D) force mapping in liquids 18 has considerably pushed this field of research. Three-dimensional force maps have been collected on, for example, calcite (10.4), 19,20 Analyzing site-specific differences in the force−distance curves has allowed for the discrimination between anionic and cationic surface species. 20 So far, however, the identification of chemically alike interfacial species possessing the same net charge has not been demonstrated.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three-dimensional force maps have been collected on, for example, calcite (10.4), 19,20 Analyzing site-specific differences in the force−distance curves has allowed for the discrimination between anionic and cationic surface species. 20 So far, however, the identification of chemically alike interfacial species possessing the same net charge has not been demonstrated. Such a differentiation is, however, an essential prerequisite for chemical identification, one of the major challenges of surface science.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Identification at the Solid–Liquid Interface

et al. 2016

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Solid−liquid interfaces are decisive for a wide range of natural and technological processes, including fields as diverse as geochemistry and environmental science as well as catalysis and corrosion protection. Dynamic atomic force microscopy nowadays provides unparalleled structural insights into solid−liquid interfaces, including the solvation structure above the surface. In contrast, chemical identification of individual interfacial atoms still remains a considerable challenge. So far, an identification of chemically alike atoms in a surface alloy has only been demonstrated under well-controlled ultrahigh vacuum conditions. In liquids, the recent advent of three-dimensional force mapping has opened the potential to discriminate between anionic and cationic surface species. However, a full chemical identification will also include the far more challenging situation of alike interfacial atoms (i.e., with the same net charge). Here we demonstrate the chemical identification capabilities of dynamic atomic force microscopy at solid−liquid interfaces by identifying Ca and Mg cations at the dolomite−water interface. Analyzing site-specific vertical positions of hydration layers and comparing them with molecular dynamics simulations unambiguously unravels the minute but decisive difference in ion hydration and provides a clear means for telling calcium and magnesium ions apart. Our work, thus, demonstrates the chemical identification capabilities of dynamic AFM at the solid−liquid interface.

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Principles and Applications of Liquid‐Environment Atomic Force Microscopy

Chen

Liao

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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has been devoted to these areas due to the appearance of divergent phenomena at different scales, such as macroscopic fluid dynamics, mesoscopic hydrogen bond network, and nanoscopic hydration layer. Especially, as the basis of numerous important but complex physicochemical processes, such as dissolution, crystallization, corrosion, catalysis, protein folding, and so on, [10][11][12][13][14][15] the research of the underlying mechanism and atomic dynamics at the solid-liquid interface call for characterization technology of both high spatial and temporal resolution in liquid. Furthermore, forces between solid objects in liquid are very different from those in vacuum or air due to the emergence of the solid-liquid interface, and the measurement of these forces could provide a unique pathway to understanding the system dynamics in liquid. As a whole, an in-depth understanding of a solid-liquid system calls for efficient characterization techniques of high spatial and temporal resolution, as well as force measurement of high sensitivity. For various widely adopted characterization methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, [16] sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy, [17] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, [18] environment scanning electron microscope, [19] surface force apparatus, [20] and so on, only one or two of these goals could be achieved. By contrast, the fast-developing atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a feasible strategy for the investigation of solid-liquid interfaces.AFM was invented in 1986 for obtaining the high-resolution surface topography of materials [21] regardless of their electrical conductivity, which utilizes a cantilever as the force sensor to raster scan the interaction between a sample and a tip at the cantilever's free end and obtains the sample topography through a feedback control system. Three years later, Hansma's group [22] applied AFM in the liquid environment for the first time and obtained atomic-scale images of a mica surface, which unveiled the prelude to the application of LE-AFM. However, the static mode used by early LE-AFM was invasive to the sample during raster scanning. When LE-AFM was applied to susceptible samples such as biological materials, the static scanning mode is no longer adequate. To overcome this issue, various dynamic modes were proposed, including amplitude modulation (AM) mode, frequency modulation (FM) mode, and so on. In 1994, Putman et al. [23,24] applied AM mode LE-AFM to image monkey Liquid environment is essential for the occurrence of various vital processes in fields of chemistry, biology, mechanics, and so on, underscoring the importance of understanding the solid-liquid interfaces. In the past decades, liquid-environment atomic force microscopy (LE-AFM) has played a nonsubstitutable role in studying solid-liquid interfaces because of its sub-nanometer spatial resolution, video-level imaging rates as well as piconewton-level force measuring capabilities. Various state-of-the-art developments and exciting applications are made r...

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Mechanism of atomic force microscopy imaging of three-dimensional hydration structures at a solid-liquid interface

Cited by 106 publications

References 44 publications

Influence of ions on two-dimensional and three-dimensional atomic force microscopy at fluorite–water interfaces

Influence of ions on two-dimensional and three-dimensional atomic force microscopy at fluorite–water interfaces

Chemical Identification at the Solid–Liquid Interface

Principles and Applications of Liquid‐Environment Atomic Force Microscopy

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