Mechanism of action of hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception: a review of the literature

Croxatto, Horacio B.; Devoto, Luigi; Durand, Marjorie; Ezcurra, Enrique; Larrea, Fernando; Nagle, Carlos A.; Ortiz, Mauricio; Vantman, David; Vega, Margarita; Hertzen, Helena von

doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00184-6

Cited by 153 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…The mechanisms of LNG include actions affecting follicular development, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, sperm motility, fertilization, blastocyst implantation and endometrial function [7,20,22]. The activity of the substance varies with species, the dose given and the route of administration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Levonorgestrel on Reproductive Hormone Levels and Their Receptor Expression in Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Shi

2011

Exp. Anim.

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Abstract:The effects of levonorgestrel (LNG) on serum levels of reproductive hormones and their receptor mRNA expression in the ovary and uterus of Mongolian gerbils were examined. The results show that serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) increased, whereas serum estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) decreased profoundly after LNG treatment. LNG down-regulated the mRNA expression of folliclestimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), estrogen receptor (ER) β and progesterone receptor (PR) in the ovary, and ERα and PR in the uterus of Mongolian gerbils. The down-regulated effects were time-dependent and dose-dependent. LNG had no obvious effects on ERα mRNA expression in the ovary. The findings suggest that LNG impairs reproductive hormone receptor expression at the molecular level in Mongolian gerbils. Also, the two ER subtypes may play different roles in the ovary, and ERβ may not be the predominant ER subtype in the uterus of Mongolian gerbils. The ovary and uterus may be the important sites of action of LNG through its direct progesterone-like effects in Mongolian gerbils.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Levonorgestrel on Reproductive Hormone Levels and Their Receptor Expression in Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Shi

2011

Exp. Anim.

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“…Because LNG-EC pills inhibit ovulation by a different mechanism than that characterising combined hormonal contraceptives, it is possible that the claim that the LNG-EC pills act by inhibiting ovulation like other contraceptives has not been considered a fully correct answer by some clinicians, causing some misunderstanding. Nonetheless the answers chosen by most of these professionals are inconsistent with the literature [16][17][18][19] . Their responses may be partly explained by an incomplete update, but confounding messages regarding the mechanism of action of LNG-EC pills released for years in Italy may also be a factor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Availability of emergency contraception: A survey of hospital emergency department gynaecologists and emergency physicians in Piedmont, Italy

Casagranda

Charrier

et al. 2012

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health

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Objectives To compare the knowledge and the willingness of emergency physicians and gynaecologists caring for women in Italian emergency departments (EDs) to prescribe levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills (LNG-EC pills).Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2009; anonymous postal questionnaires were mailed to the medical staff working at the 30 EDs located in Piedmont (Italy).Results Emergency physicians and gynaecologists have similar knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of LNG-EC pills, but do not feel at ease in prescribing these and consider the prescription of LNG-EC pills an inappropriate activity for ED staff.Conclusions In Italy, unlike in most other European countries, LNG-EC pills are still prescription drugs. Thus it may be useful to further investigate the reasons why Italian ED medical staff do not feel the prescription of LNG-EC pills should be within their remit and whether women can successfully obtain the prescription from physicians working in other services that can be accessed around the clock.

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“…Despite its nonestablished efficacy, several postcoital contraception methods are employed worldwide (10) . Pregnancy is trying to be prevented by these following methods after sexual intercourse: application of herbs (vitamin C/lemon juice, pepper, cabbage, parsley etc), aspirin, coca-cola, soap, insertion of chicken feather, sewing needles, sharp-edged rods, making body movements that push the semen to flow out, coughing and vaginal douching (9)(10)(11) . Vaginal douching (VD) is a common traditional method that is used worldwide and particularly in developing countries.…”

Section: Ec Methods Are Of Greater Importance In Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge and Practices of Medical And Traditional Emergency Contraception among Married Women in Odemis

Daşikan¹,

Taşçı²,

Karaca³

2013

J Turk Soc Obstet Gynecol

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Mechanism of action of hormonal preparations used for emergency contraception: a review of the literature

Cited by 153 publications

References 90 publications

Effects of Levonorgestrel on Reproductive Hormone Levels and Their Receptor Expression in Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Effects of Levonorgestrel on Reproductive Hormone Levels and Their Receptor Expression in Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)

Availability of emergency contraception: A survey of hospital emergency department gynaecologists and emergency physicians in Piedmont, Italy

Knowledge and Practices of Medical And Traditional Emergency Contraception among Married Women in Odemis

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