“…In the case of tRNAs, recent studies (Kuroha et al, 2018;Yip et al, 2019) demonstrated that RQC complex disassembly does not simply liberate free tRNA as previously thought (Verma et al, 2018;Zurita Rendó n et al, 2018). Instead, ANKZF1/Vms1 is an endonuclease (Kuroha et al, 2018) that cleaves off the universally conserved 3 0 CCA nucleotides (positions 74-76) of peptidyl-tRNA on 60S-RQC complexes (Yip et al, 2019). ANKZF1 cleavage releases nascent proteins for degradation (Verma et al, 2018;Zurita Rendó n et al, 2018) and simultaneously generates a tRNA intermediate containing a 2 0 ,3 0 -cyclic phosphate (2 0 ,3 0 >p) on the ribose of the discriminator base at position 73 (N 73 ) that is incompatible with translation.…”