Mechanics of triangle zones and passive-roof duplexes: implications of finite-element models

Erickson, S. Gregg

doi:10.1016/0040-1951(94)00251-4

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Backthrusting is a common feature in fold-and-thrust belts, and may result from a variety of mechanisms. Some authors (Chester et al 1991;Couzens-Schultz et al 2003;Dahlstrom 1970;Erickson 1995;Erickson et al 2001;Jamison and Pope 1996) state that backthrusting may initiate when a foreland buttressing occurs, and shortening can no longer be accommodated by foreland-directed thrusting. This mechanism may well apply to the Variscan foreland of Sardinia; where the folded, relatively thick and competent package of Cambrian limestone and dolostone in the western part of the foreland may have acted as a buttress that resisted to further foreland-directed propagation of the thrust belt.…”

Section: Kinematic Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Funedda

2008

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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In the Variscan foreland of SW-Sardinia\ud (Western Mediterranean sea), close to the leading edge of\ud the nappe zone, nappe emplacement caused folding and\ud repetition of stratigraphic successions, km-scale offset of\ud stratigraphic boundaries and an extensive brittle-ductile\ud shear zone. Thrusts assumed a significant role, accommodating\ud a progressive change of shortening direction and\ud forming complicated thrust triangle zones. During thrust\ud emplacement of the nappes, strong penetrative deformation\ud affected rocks beneath the basal thrust of the nappe stack\ud and produced coeval structures with both foreland-directed\ud and hinterland-directed (backthrusting) shear sense. Crosscutting\ud and overprinting relationships clearly show that the\ud shortening direction changed progressively from N–S to E–\ud W, producing in sequence: (1) E–W trending open folds\ud contemporaneous with early nappe emplacement in the\ud nearby nappe zone; (2) recumbent, quasi-isoclinal folds\ud with axial plane foliation and widespread, ‘‘top-towardsthe-\ud SW’’, penetrative shearing; (3) N–S trending folds with\ud axial plane foliation, contemporaneous with late nappe\ud emplacement; (4) backthrusts and related asymmetrical\ud folds developed during the final stages of shortening,\ud postdating foreland-verging structures. Structures at (3)\ud and (4) occurred during the same tectonic transport ‘‘toptowards-\ud the-E’’ of the nappe zone over the foreland. The\ud several generations of folds, thrusts, and foliations with\ud different orientations developed, result in a complex finite\ud structural architecture, not completely explicable by the\ud theoretical model proposed up to date

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Section: Kinematic Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Funedda

2008

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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“…Price 1981;Jones 1982;Banks and Warburton 1986;Morley 1986;Vann et al 1986;Baby et al 1992;Jamison 1993;Jadoon et al 1994;Yin 2002;Barnes and Nicol 2004), and is typically assumed to develop at a regional scale, especially at mountain fronts. However, the development of passive-roof duplex style is also linked to the presence of décollement layers within the sedimentary cover, and occurs when the roof sequence is pinned ahead of the duplex but is still able to decouple above a décollement (Banks and Warburton 1986;Dunne and Ferrill 1988;Erickson 1995;Bonini 2001;Smart and Couzens-Shultz 2001). Factors controlling passive-roof duplex initiation and evolution are mainly roof-sequence strength and thickness, as well as shear stresses at the base of the roof sequence (Erickson 1995;Bonini 2001Bonini , 2003Smart and Couzens-Shultz 2001;Couzens-Schultz et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, the development of passive-roof duplex style is also linked to the presence of décollement layers within the sedimentary cover, and occurs when the roof sequence is pinned ahead of the duplex but is still able to decouple above a décollement (Banks and Warburton 1986;Dunne and Ferrill 1988;Erickson 1995;Bonini 2001;Smart and Couzens-Shultz 2001). Factors controlling passive-roof duplex initiation and evolution are mainly roof-sequence strength and thickness, as well as shear stresses at the base of the roof sequence (Erickson 1995;Bonini 2001Bonini , 2003Smart and Couzens-Shultz 2001;Couzens-Schultz et al 2003). Thus, since this mechanism depends on the mechanical properties of the rheological multilayer and boundary conditions, passive-roof duplex is a scale-independent feature able to form from mountain to outcrop scales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Passive‐roof thrusting in the Messinian Vena del Gesso Basin (Northern Apennines, Italy): constraints from field data and analogue models

et al. 2007

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We present the results of a study of the Vena del Gesso Basin (Romagna Apennines, Italy) integrating field analyses and analogue modelling. This basin represents one of the best-preserved top-thrust basins in the Northern Apennines foreland and is one of the few examples where primary evaporites, related to the Messinian salinity crisis of the Mediterranean, widely crop out. The structural style affecting the Messinian gypsum is examined to get insights into the mechanism responsible for the overall deformation features recognizable in the area. The evaporites are completely detached at the base and widespread back-thrusts, repeatedly doubling these deposits, strongly contrast with the regional forelandward vergence of structures in the Apennines. On the basis of the comparison between field data and experimental results, the features characterising this area can be described as the result of the deformation linked to the sequential activation of an obliquely propagating passive-roof duplex. Analogue models evidenced the major role played (1) by syntectonic erosion that promoted the development of passive-roof duplex style, as well as (2) the role of décollement level pinch-out that determined an oblique progression of deformation. Finally our data lead to reconsider the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction concerning the onset of the Messinian salinity crisis in the Mediterranean.

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“…This example shows that triangle zones do not necessarily have to be found uniquely at the finite leading edge of an orogen. Several authors have investigated the mechanical and kinematic evolution of triangle zones (e.g., Erickson, 1995;Jamison, 1996;Jones, 1996;Stockmal et al, 2001). In general, their models describe a propagating fold and thrust belt that produces a large vertical duplex zone on its leading edge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and kinematics of an outcrop-scale fold-cored triangle zone

2010

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Mechanics of triangle zones and passive-roof duplexes: implications of finite-element models

Cited by 33 publications

References 11 publications

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Foreland- and hinterland-verging structures in fold-and-thrust belt: an example from the Variscan foreland of Sardinia

Passive‐roof thrusting in the Messinian Vena del Gesso Basin (Northern Apennines, Italy): constraints from field data and analogue models

Structure and kinematics of an outcrop-scale fold-cored triangle zone

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