Mechanics of Earthquakes

Kanamori, Hiroo

doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.001231

Cited by 224 publications

(155 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…The stress drop values derived for the considered events vary between 0.3 and 60 MPa with a mean value of 3.3±2.8 MPa. These results are in agreement with the worldwide range of normal and strike-slip faulting earthquakes over different seismic moments and tectonic environments (Kanamori, 1994;Ruff, 2002;Brune and Thatcher, 2002). The source parameters estimated by Bindi et al (2009) Umbria-Marche seismic sequence in the magnitude range 1.4 -4.5 for which an average stress drop of 3.8±1.0 has been reported (Bindi et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The stress drops derived using equation (7) range from 0.3 to 60 MPa, with most of the values between 1 and 10 MPa. These results are in agreement with the typical worldwide values for normal and strike-slip faulting earthquakes over different seismic moments and tectonic environments (Kanamori, 1994;Ruff, 2002;Brune and Thatcher, 2002). We compared our estimates with values obtained by Bindi et al (2009) for 13 events using strong-motion data, finding an overall good agreement between the two studies.…”

Section: Source Spectrasupporting

confidence: 91%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Separation of source and site effects by generalized inversion technique using the aftershock recordings of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake

Ameri

Oth

Pilz

et al. 2011

Bull Earthquake Eng

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Source Spectrasupporting

confidence: 91%

Separation of source and site effects by generalized inversion technique using the aftershock recordings of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake

Ameri

Oth

Pilz

et al. 2011

Bull Earthquake Eng

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“…Model predictions of friction coefficients for a wide range of strain rate using a grain size of 30 mm, an effective normal stress of 100 MPa and temperatures of 100, 200, 300, and 400°C. agree relatively well with static stress drop estimates from earthquakes covering a large magnitude range [Abercrombie and Rice, 2005;Duni and Kuka, 2005;Kanamori, 1994;Konstantinou et al, 2005;Kumar et al, 2005;McGarr and Fletcher, 2002;Scholz, 2002].…”

Section: Implications For Seismogenesissupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The grain size used in all model curves is 50 mm, which is a reasonable estimate for a natural, middle-upper crustal fault rock [Imber et al, 2001;Wibberley and Shimamoto, 2003]. We also show static stress drop estimates for earthquakes obtained from the analysis of strong ground motion data, geodetic data, and aftershock area and from the corner frequency of the corresponding high-resolution (source spectrum) seismic data [Bouchon et al, 1998;Hough, 1997;Ide et al, 1996;Kanamori, 1994;McGarr and Fletcher, 2002].…”

Section: Implications For Seismogenesissupporting

confidence: 52%

A microphysical model for strong velocity weakening in phyllosilicate‐bearing fault gouges

2007

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[1] Previous rotary shear experiments, performed on a halite-muscovite fault gouge analogue system have shown that the presence of phyllosilicates, under conditions favoring the operation of cataclasis and pressure solution in the matrix phase, can have major effects on the frictional behavior of gouges. While 100% halite and 100% muscovite samples exhibit rate-independent frictional/brittle behavior, the strength of mixtures containing 10-30% muscovite is both normal stress and sliding velocitydependent. At high sliding velocities (>1 mm s À1 ), such mixtures show unusually marked velocity weakening, along with the development of a structureless, cataclastic microstructure. In the present paper, a micromechanical model is developed in an attempt to explain this behavior. The model assumes a granular flow process involving competition between intergranular dilatation and compaction by pressure solution. The predictions of the model agree favorably with the experimental results. Extension of the model to quartz-mica systems implies that the presence of phyllosilicates plus the operation of pressure solution can strongly promote (unstable) velocity-weakening behavior at rapid slip rates on natural faults, under midcrustal conditions. Static stress drop predictions based on the model agree reasonably well with estimates from seismic observations. Our results may help explain the discrepancy between laboratory-derived rate-and-state friction parameter values, obtained for dry, low-strain and/or single-phase rock systems, and the values for natural fault rocks inferred from seismological data.Citation: Niemeijer, A. R., and C. J. Spiers (2007), A microphysical model for strong velocity weakening in phyllosilicate-bearing fault gouges,

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“…Since we have no specific knowledge about s 0 , we specify a uniform PDF between 0.1 and 20 MPa (with s 0 being negative values in the inversion), which covers the usually measured average stress drop of 0.1-10 MPa (KANAMORI and ANDERSON, 1975;KANAMORI, 1994) or 0.2-20 MPa (SHEARER et al, 2006) for individual events. The variance a 2 value is related to the heterogeneity of stress on the fault plane; in particular, larger a 2 values correspond to higher levels of heterogeneity.…”

Section: Inversion For Stress Drop and Fault Slip In Bayesian Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Determination of Slip and Stress Drop in a Bayesian Inversion Approach: A Case Study for the 2010 M8.8 Maule Earthquake

Wang

Zöller

Hainzl

2014

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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Abstract-Stress drop is a key factor in earthquake mechanics and engineering seismology. However, stress drop calculations based on fault slip can be significantly biased, particularly due to subjectively determined smoothing conditions in the traditional least-square slip inversion. In this study, we introduce a mechanically constrained Bayesian approach to simultaneously invert for fault slip and stress drop based on geodetic measurements. A Gaussian distribution for stress drop is implemented in the inversion as a prior. We have done several synthetic tests to evaluate the stability and reliability of the inversion approach, considering different fault discretization, fault geometries, utilized datasets, and variability of the slip direction, respectively. We finally apply the approach to the 2010 M8.8 Maule earthquake and invert for the coseismic slip and stress drop simultaneously. Two fault geometries from the literature are tested. Our results indicate that the derived slip models based on both fault geometries are similar, showing major slip north of the hypocenter and relatively weak slip in the south, as indicated in the slip models of other studies. The derived mean stress drop is 5-6 MPa, which is close to the stress drop of *7 MPa that was independently determined according to force balance in this region LUTTRELL et al. (J Geophys Res, 2011). These findings indicate that stress drop values can be consistently extracted from geodetic data.

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Mechanics of Earthquakes

Cited by 224 publications

References 92 publications

Separation of source and site effects by generalized inversion technique using the aftershock recordings of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake

Separation of source and site effects by generalized inversion technique using the aftershock recordings of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake

A microphysical model for strong velocity weakening in phyllosilicate‐bearing fault gouges

Joint Determination of Slip and Stress Drop in a Bayesian Inversion Approach: A Case Study for the 2010 M8.8 Maule Earthquake

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