Mechanics of Ciliary Locomotion

Blake, J. R.; Sleigh, M. A.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1974.tb01299.x

Cited by 242 publications

(204 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…One limitation of photoelectric recordings is that they most clearly represent the movement of cilia along a single plane. However, cilia normally move in three dimensions during a single beat cycle (Blake and Sleigh, 1974). Moreover, dopamine has previously been shown to affect ciliary beat plane in sea urchin larvae (Wada et al, 1997).…”

Section: Regulation Of Pre-oral Ciliary Beat Waveformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural control of the velum in larvae of the gastropod,Ilyanassa obsoleta

Braubach

Dickinson

Evans

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Larval molluscs commonly use ciliated vela to swim and feed. In this study we used immunohistochemistry to demonstrate innervation of velar cilia and muscles by monoaminergic and peptidergic fibres in the caenogastropod, Ilyanassa obsoleta. Photoelectric recordings from pre-oral cilia on isolated pieces of velum revealed that serotonin increased, whereas catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine) decreased beat frequency at concentrations of 10-6 to 10-9 mol l-1. Catecholamines also increased the frequency of momentary, isolated arrests of pre-oral cilia, but failed to suppress beating of the post-oral cilia at these concentrations. The neuropeptides, FMRFamide and Leu-enkephalin, did not affect the frequency of ciliary beating or of isolated ciliary arrests, but did induce numerous muscular contractions, which were accompanied by sustained ciliary arrests. In terms of whole animal behaviour, serotonin caused larvae to concentrate toward the top of a water column and to increase feeding,whereas catecholamines caused larvae to concentrate toward the bottom of a water column and decrease feeding. Monoamine analogues which facilitated or opposed the effects of synthetic transmitters on larval behaviour, further suggested that these transmitters are released endogenously to control velar function. Finally, applications of peptides to whole larvae caused increased frequency of locomotory arrests. Together these findings demonstrate several potential roles for the nervous system in controlling larval behaviour in gastropods.

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Section: Regulation Of Pre-oral Ciliary Beat Waveformmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural control of the velum in larvae of the gastropod,Ilyanassa obsoleta

Braubach

Dickinson

Evans

et al. 2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…These internal moments cause the cilium to deform, thus moving the surrounding fluid. Cilia-driven flows are characterized by small Reynolds numbers, of the order 10 −4 to 10 −2 , even in water 16 . At this scale, viscous forces dominate over inertial forces and Stokes equations are applicable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The asymmetric beating pattern consists of two phases: an effective stroke during which the cilium is aligned almost straight in the normal direction to the cell surface and generates a flow in the same direction as its motion, and a recovery stroke during which the cilium bends parallel to the surface and generates a weaker backward flow as it returns to its original configuration. Cilia from different cell types are known to exhibit qualitatively different kinematics 16 , however the physical and biological constraints that dictate these kinematics are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cilia beating patterns are not hydrodynamically optimal

Guo¹,

Nawroth²,

Ding³

et al. 2014

Physics of Fluids

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We examine the hydrodynamic performance of two cilia beating patterns reconstructed from experimental data. In their respective natural systems, the two beating patterns correspond to: (A) pumping-specialized cilia, and (B) swimming-specialized cilia. We compare the performance of these two cilia beating patterns as a function of the metachronal coordination in the context of two model systems: the swimming of a ciliated cylinder and the fluid pumping by a ciliated carpet. Three performance measures are used for this comparison: (i) average swimming speed/pumping flow rate; (ii) maximum internal moments generated by the cilia; and (iii) swimming/pumping efficiencies. We found that, in both models, pattern (B) outperforms pattern (A) in almost all three measures, including hydrodynamic efficiency. These results challenge the notion that hydrodynamic efficiency dictates the cilia beating kinematics, and suggest that other biological functions and constraints play a role in explaining the wide variety of cilia beating patterns observed in biological systems.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure

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“…In the case of cilia, filaments are anchored at the surface of the cells and symmetry breaking occurs due to the filament flexibility. Asymmetry arises from the velocitydependence of cilia deformation that results in different filament geometries for the fast, forward stroke compared to that for the slow, backward stroke (4)(5)(6). Cilia carpets perform tasks such as the locomotion of unicellular eukaryotes (e.g., Paramecium) (7), the transport of mucus in the trachea (8), the development of microscopic flows during the early stages of embryonic development (9), and even the directed transport of the egg along the mammalian oviduct into the uterus (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled surface-induced flows from the motion of self-assembled colloidal walkers

Sing

Schmid

Schneider

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

222

206

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Biological flows at the microscopic scale are important for the transport of nutrients, locomotion, and differentiation. Here, we present a unique approach for creating controlled, surface-induced flows inspired by a ubiquitous biological system, cilia. Our design is based on a collection of self-assembled colloidal rotors that "walk" along surfaces in the presence of a rotating magnetic field. These rotors are held together solely by magnetic forces that allow for reversible assembly and disassembly of the chains. Furthermore, rotation of the magnetic field allows for straightforward manipulation of the shape and motion of these chains. This system offers a simple and versatile approach for designing microfluidic devices as well as for studying fundamental questions in cooperative-driven motion and transport at the microscopic level.Biological flows | Cilia | Magnetic | Microfluidics | Transport

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Mechanics of Ciliary Locomotion

Cited by 242 publications

References 52 publications

Neural control of the velum in larvae of the gastropod,Ilyanassa obsoleta

Neural control of the velum in larvae of the gastropod,Ilyanassa obsoleta

Cilia beating patterns are not hydrodynamically optimal

Controlled surface-induced flows from the motion of self-assembled colloidal walkers

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