Mechanically tunable conductive interpenetrating network hydrogels that mimic the elastic moduli of biological tissue

Feig, Vivian R.; Tran, Helen; Lee, Min Ah; Bao, Zhenan

doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05222-4

Cited by 416 publications

(438 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In recent years, several kinds of FTEs have been proposed as an ITO alternative, such as carbon‐based conductive materials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes), conductive polymers, metal grids, or metal nanowires . Among these materials, silver nanowires (AgNWs) have become one of the most promising candidates for FTEs, since they exhibit not only excellent optical and electrical properties but also high chemical and mechanical stability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Releasing the Trapped Light for Efficient Silver Nanowires‐Based White Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Shen

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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be taken into account. One important consideration involves replacing the conventional indium-tin-oxide (ITO) due to its naturally brittle nature. [7][8][9][10][11] Therefore, it is imperative to develop flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) with high optical transparency, high electrical conductivity, good mechanical flexibility, and high processing compatibility with plastic substrates. [6][7][8] In recent years, several kinds of FTEs have been proposed as an ITO alternative, such as carbon-based conductive materials (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes), [6,12,13] conductive polymers, [14] metal grids, [9,15] or metal nanowires. [16][17][18][19] Among these materials, silver nanowires (AgNWs) have become one of the most promising candidates for FTEs, [18,19] since they exhibit not only excellent optical and electrical properties but also high chemical and mechanical stability. Particularly, AgNWsbased FTEs can be fabricated through low-temperature solution processing (e.g., spin coating, drop casting, bar coating, or spray coating), which is somewhat compatible with plastic substrates. [7,[18][19][20][21] However, high roughness arising from the junctions and aggregation of randomly distributed AgNWs can cause high leakage currents and even short circuits in flexible OLEDs, which apparently hinders the extensive applications of AgNWs-based FTEs in lightemitting applications. [22] To circumvent this problem, a wide variety of solutions (e.g., thermal annealing, plasma welding, mechanical pressing, chemical modification, or embedment in polymers) have been reported to relieve roughness-induced device failures. [23][24][25][26] Although these techniques can, to some extent, planarize the surface of AgNWs-based FTEs, such additional procedures can complicate the fabrication process and are incompatible with scalable solution processability.In addition to the mechanical flexibility of novel FTEs, another aspect to consider for flexible OLEDs is how to achieve the highest possible efficiency in minimizing power consumption for flexible displays used in highly portable or wearable applications. Indeed, the development of excellent light-emitting materials and efficient device structures has led to an internal quantum efficiency approaching 100% with negligible loss during the electron-to-photon conversion. [1][2][3][4] Nevertheless, a majority of the internally generated light in a conventional Flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are attracting tremendous attention due to their promise as a key element in bendable display and curved lighting applications. However, their performance in terms of efficiency and bendability is limited, since flexible transparent electrodes with superior electrical, optical, and mechanical properties are rare. Here, a multifunctional electrode architecture that is based on flexible plastic, and consists of electrically conductive silver nanowires, a nanopatterned ZnO outcoupling layer, and a hole-injection polymer layer, is proposed for the actualization of high-performance flexi...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Releasing the Trapped Light for Efficient Silver Nanowires‐Based White Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Shen

et al. 2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a nanoclay for doping of conductive polymers. The conductivity (four‐probe) of PEDOT:Laponite–PAAM hydrogels is among some of the highest reported for PEDOT‐containing hydrogels . The percolating scaffold of Laponite nanocrystals in our system ensures PEDOT forms a continuous conductive network.…”

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confidence: 83%

“…Recently, gelation of aqueous emulsions of PEDOT:PSS nanoparticles using ionic liquids has been reported to produce highly conductive hydrogels that have been integrated in cuff‐type sciatic nerve implants in mice . When combined with a secondary polymer network for mechanical strength, elastic hydrogels with conductivities above 10 S m −1 have been achieved . In another approach, conductive polymers are synthesized from monomers within the scaffold of a pre‐existing hydrogel .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Conductive, Stretchable, and Cell‐Adhesive Hydrogel by Nanoclay Doping

Tondera

Akbar

Thomas

et al. 2019

Small

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Electrically conductive materials that mimic physical and biological properties of tissues are urgently required for seamless brain–machine interfaces. Here, a multinetwork hydrogel combining electrical conductivity of 26 S m−1, stretchability of 800%, and tissue‐like elastic modulus of 15 kPa with mimicry of the extracellular matrix is reported. Engineering this unique set of properties is enabled by a novel in‐scaffold polymerization approach. Colloidal hydrogels of the nanoclay Laponite are employed as supports for the assembly of secondary polymer networks. Laponite dramatically increases the conductivity of in‐scaffold polymerized poly(ethylene‐3,4‐diethoxy thiophene) in the absence of other dopants, while preserving excellent stretchability. The scaffold is coated with a layer containing adhesive peptide and polysaccharide dextran sulfate supporting the attachment, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells directly on the surface of conductive hydrogels. Due to its compatibility with simple extrusion printing, this material promises to enable tissue‐mimetic neurostimulating electrodes.

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“…Despite their advantages, pure ionic hydrogels exhibit slow ion movement, and thus a slow response time and high resistance, which limits their application in recording high‐speed (>1000 Hz) signals and electrical stimulation . Efforts have been made to enhance their electronic conductivity by combining CP in hydrogel via printing, coating, or in situ polymerization . For example, an ion gel film with an interconnected PEDOT:PSS network shows electrical conductivity of 47.4 ± 1.2 S cm −1 .…”

Section: Stretchable and Conformal Sensors For Cyber Biophysical Intementioning

confidence: 99%

Cyber–Physiochemical Interfaces

et al. 2020

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Living things rely on various physical, chemical, and biological interfaces, e.g., somatosensation, olfactory/gustatory perception, and nervous system response. They help organisms to perceive the world, adapt to their surroundings, and maintain internal and external balance. Interfacial information exchanges are complicated but efficient, delicate but precise, and multimodal but unisonous, which has driven researchers to study the science of such interfaces and develop techniques with potential applications in health monitoring, smart robotics, future wearable devices, and cyber physical/human systems. To understand better the issues in these interfaces, a cyber–physiochemical interface (CPI) that is capable of extracting biophysical and biochemical signals, and closely relating them to electronic, communication, and computing technology, to provide the core for aforementioned applications, is proposed. The scientific and technical progress in CPI is summarized, and the challenges to and strategies for building stable interfaces, including materials, sensor development, system integration, and data processing techniques are discussed. It is hoped that this will result in an unprecedented multi‐disciplinary network of scientific collaboration in CPI to explore much uncharted territory for progress, providing technical inspiration—to the development of the next‐generation personal healthcare technology, smart sports‐technology, adaptive prosthetics and augmentation of human capability, etc.

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Mechanically tunable conductive interpenetrating network hydrogels that mimic the elastic moduli of biological tissue

Cited by 416 publications

References 48 publications

Releasing the Trapped Light for Efficient Silver Nanowires‐Based White Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Releasing the Trapped Light for Efficient Silver Nanowires‐Based White Flexible Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

Highly Conductive, Stretchable, and Cell‐Adhesive Hydrogel by Nanoclay Doping

Cyber–Physiochemical Interfaces

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