Mechanical Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus by Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Foil, Lane D.; Seger, Cameron L.; French, Dennis D.; Issel, Charles J.; McManus, J. M.; Ohrberg, C. L.; Ramsey, R.T.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/25.5.374

Cited by 33 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The ability of tabanids to transmit enzootic BLV (genus Lentivirus , Retroviridae) has been experimentally demonstrated [45]. However, the role of stable flies has been investigated but not yet been demonstrated [14, 46, 126].…”

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of pathogens byStomoxysflies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Stomoxys flies are mechanical vectors of pathogens present in the blood and skin of their animal hosts, especially livestock, but occasionally humans. In livestock, their direct effects are disturbance, skin lesions, reduction of food intake, stress, blood loss, and a global immunosuppressive effect. They also induce the gathering of animals for mutual protection; meanwhile they favor development of pathogens in the hosts and their transmission. Their indirect effect is the mechanical transmission of pathogens. In case of interrupted feeding, Stomoxys can re-start their blood meal on another host. When injecting saliva prior to blood-sucking, they can inoculate some infected blood remaining on their mouthparts. Beside this immediate transmission, it was observed that Stomoxys may keep some blood in their crop, which offers a friendly environment for pathogens that could be regurgitated during the next blood meal; thus a delayed transmission by Stomoxys seems possible. Such a mechanism has a considerable epidemiological impact since it allows inter-herd transmission of pathogens. Equine infectious anemia, African swine fever, West Nile, and Rift Valley viruses are known to be transmitted by Stomoxys, while others are suspected. Rickettsia (Anaplasma, Coxiella), other bacteria and parasites (Trypanosoma spp., Besnoitia spp.) are also transmitted by Stomoxys. Finally, Stomoxys was also found to act as an intermediate host of the helminth Habronema microstoma and may be involved in the transmission of some Onchocerca and Dirofilaria species. Being cosmopolite, Stomoxys calcitrans might have a worldwide and greater impact than previously thought on animal and human pathogen transmission.

show abstract

Section: Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of pathogens byStomoxysflies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, mosquitoes acting as mechanical vectors of myxoma virus leave Ϸ12% of the residues in the second host (Day et al 1956). To determine a possible range of deposited virus particles, we assumed 20 Ð100% of the bloodmeal residue was transferred (Foil et al 1988). Even if we assume 100% deposition of mouthpart residues into a second host, no more than four virions would be transferred by 20 ßies in experiment 1 and two virions by 30 ßies in experiment 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Porcine Reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a globally significant swine disease caused by an arterivirus. The virus replicates in alveolar macrophages of infected pigs, resulting in pneumonia in growing pigs and late-term abortions in sows. Outbreaks occur on disparate farms within an area despite biosecurity measures, suggesting mechanical transport by arthropods. We investigated the vector potential of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), in the transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus, PRRSV) under laboratory conditions. Stable flies were collected around PRRS-negative boar stud barns in North Carolina and tested for presence of the virus. Stable flies were collected on alsynite traps placed near the exhaust fan of the close-sided tunnel-ventilated buildings, suggesting blood seeking flies are attracted by olfactory cues. No flies were positive for PRRSV. We assessed transmission of the virus through an infective bite by feeding laboratory reared stable flies on blood containing virus and transferring them to naive pigs for subsequent bloodmeals. Transmission of the virus to naive pigs by infective bites failed in all attempts. The volume of blood contained within the closed mouthparts of the stable fly seems to be insufficient to deliver an infective dose of the virus. Stable flies are unlikely to transmit PRRSV from one pig to another while blood feeding. The fate of the virus after a bloodmeal remains to be determined.

show abstract

“…when injected [8], dehorned, [9][10][11] tattooed, [12] ear-tagged, castrated, bled [13] at teat removal and at rectal examinations [14][15][16][17]. Transmission by insect bite has also been reported [18][19][20][21][22], especially with insects of the family Tabanidae [23][24][25]. Although these different routes could not be considered individually, when gathered in a single equation they represent the horizontal transmission process.…”

Section: Bovine Leukaemia Virus (Blv) Is An Retrovirus That Together mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of natural transmission of bovine leukaemia virus within dairy herds of Argentina

2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to describe patterns of seroconversion to bovine leukaemia virus and to estimate the main parameters needed for future model building. A longitudinal study was carried out between February 1999 and November 2001 in seven commercial dairy farms in Argentina using 1535 lactating cows. Time-interval parameters were analysed using a parametric survival model with shared frailty, time until infection was analysed using a Bayesian intervalcensoring survival model and the infection transmission parameter (b) was estimated by a generalized linear model. The reproduction ratio (R 0 ) was calculated. In total, 1000 cows tested positive and 494 tested negative. The predicted median age at infection was 4 . 6 years for seroconverted cows. For infected herds, the proportion of positive calves was as high as for infected cows and showed a large proportion of infected breeding heifers. Peaks in the overall average incidence per season-year were observed during autumn and spring. Results reveal that the period around parturition is a high-risk period. Moreover, heavily infected herds seem to have an increased proportion of young stock infected. The overall b was estimated as 2 . 9/year (95 % CI 1 . 9-3 . 7) and combined with a relatively long infectious period it resulted in a high reproductive ratio (R 0 =8 . 9). Therefore, a high effectiveness of control measures needs to be achieved to eradicate the disease.

show abstract

Mechanical Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus by Horse Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Transmission of pathogens byStomoxysflies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review

Transmission of pathogens byStomoxysflies (Diptera, Muscidae): a review

Assessment of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) as a Vector of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Evaluation of natural transmission of bovine leukaemia virus within dairy herds of Argentina

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About