Mechanical stress (shaking) and reticuloendothelial function in the chick embryo

Influence of Temperature on the Immune Response of Birds

“…Among such factors are: microbial toxins (Pier and Heddleston, 1970;Pier et al, 1971;Michael et al, 1973;Thaxton et al, 1974a), hypoxia (Tengerdy, 1970), heavy metals (Thaxton and Parkhurst, 1973;Morgan et al, 1975), non-ionic radiation (McRee et al, 1977), pesticides (Glick and Whatley, 1966;Glick, 1972Glick, , 1974Latimer and Siegel, 1974;Subba Rao and Glick, 1977a), mechanical stress (Schmidt et al, 1976), social interactions Gross and Siegel, 1965;Gross and Colmano, 1967, 1969Siegel and Latimer, 1975), restraint (Thaxton and Briggs, 1972), and nutrients (Tengerdy and Heinzerling, 1972;Tengerdy, 1976;Tengerdy and Brown, 1977).…”

Altered Development of Immunocompetence Following Prenatal or Combined Prenatal-Postnatal Insult: A Timely Review

“…Therefore, it is not unreasonable to speculate that either agents or protocols that might temporarily or permanently disrupt such critically timed and specifically integrated developmental events may in fact alter the immunocompetence of the offspring. Studies by several laboratories utilizing either prenatal insults (Pinto-Machado, 1970;Vos and Moore, 1974;Robson and Schwarz, 1975a;Schmidt et al, 1976;Schmidt and Abbott, 1983;Schmidt and Porter, 1983) or combined prenatal-postnatal (Luster et al, 1980a;Luster et al, 1980b) approaches support this concept. In terms of the human population, the potential exists that in utero exposure to certain environmental contaminants and pharmaceuticals as well as maternal dietary manipulation during gestation could cornproinise the immune status of the newborn or later stages of development.…”